93o Summary of Agricultural Experiments, [fee., 



and are indicative of moist places, while " spot " discolorations occur 

 irregularly distributed in what otherwise appear to be drier and sounder 

 cheeses. Cheeses affected in this way were investigated chemically and 

 bacteriologically, and the results are given in this Bulletin. 



As a result of these investigations the following practical suggestions 

 are made for the prevention and remedy of these faults in early-season 

 cheeses : (i) A milk and curd infected with a minimum number of 

 fault-producing ferments should be obtained ; (2) suitable temperatures 

 and suitable amounts of rennet should be employed to ensure a good- 

 textured cheese ; (3) sufficient numbers of acid-producing ferments or 

 organisms should be developed to ensure the production of an agreeable, 

 sharp, clean-smelling acid type of fermentation, and to ensure an 

 inhibitory effect on the objectionable functions of other organisms that 

 might be present; (4) about one-half per cent, carbohydrate (sugar) 

 should be added to the curd at or before salting. 



The Milking and Butter Trials at the Dairy Show of 1909 (Jour. 

 Brit. Dairy Farmers* Assoc., Vol. 24, 1910). — In the milking trials of 

 1909 113 cows of seven different breeds were tested, and also twenty- 

 three goats. The cows were milked at 6.30 a.m. and 5.30 p.m. The 

 milk yielded during two days was weighed, and both the morning's and 

 evening's milk of the first day was analysed. For the purpose of the 

 competition points are given to each animal for the yield and quality 

 of milk, with an allowance for the time elapsed since calving. The 

 most interesting fact in a table showing the average number of points 

 gained by different breeds during each of the last ten years is that 

 a gradual improvement has taken place in the milking qualities 

 of the Pedigree Shorthorns entered. In 1900 the average number of 

 points gained by the Pedigree Shorthorns was 72*4, and since then the 

 number has risen fairly steadily to 97*5 in 1909. In this report a 

 record is included of the milk given by each of the cows and goats, 

 and tables showing the yield and composition of the milk of the different 

 breeds, and the number of samples that were deficient in fat or other 

 solids. Similar figures are given of the performance of the cows 

 entered for the butter tests. 



Milk Records (Edinburgh and E. of Scotland Coll. of Agric, BulL 

 19). — Records Of the yield and composition of milk of the dairy herd 

 at the County Asylum, Rosslynlee, have been kept since 1905. The 

 milk of each cow is weighed daily, and tested for fat once a week, and 

 the purpose is to use the information so obtained to improve the herd 

 by selection and breeding. In the year July, 1908, to July, 1909, the 

 average milk yield was less than in the previous year, but this was 

 due to a number of change? in the herd — several of the heaviest milkers 

 had to be dispensed with on account of age or other reasons. Con- 

 sidering only the cows that were in the herd for a complete year, or 

 the greater part of a year, the yield of the heaviest milker was 

 10,695 lb., with an average percentage of fat of 3'68, while the lowest 

 yield was 5,984 lb., with 3*20 per cent, of fat. The average of thirteen 

 cows was 7,888 lb. of milk, containing 3*72 per cent, of fat. The 

 introduction of home-bred cows into the herd continues; there are at 

 present two in the herd, and two other heifers were expected to calve 

 in 1909-10. The process of improvement has not, however, gone very 

 far yet, as there are twenty-two cows altogether in the herd. 



