NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 



HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL 



SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



O. H. TITTMANN . . . president 



GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, DIRECTOR AND EDITOR 

 JOHN OLIVER LAGORCE . ASSOCIATE EDITOR 

 O. P. AUSTIN .... SECRETARY 



JOHN E. PILLSBURY . . VICE-PRESIDENT 

 JOHN JOY EDSON .... TREASURER 

 GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY 

 WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER . ASSISTANT EDITOR 

 RALPH A. GRAVES . . ASSISTANT EDITOR 



BOARD OF MANAGERS 



1916-1918 



Fraxklix K. Laxe 



Secretary of the Interior 



William Howard Taft 



Formerly President of the 

 United States 



C. M. Chester 



Rear Admiral U S. Navy, 

 Formerly Supt. U. S. 

 Naval Observatory 



Fredeuick V. Coville 



Formerly President of Wash- 

 ington Academy of Sci- 

 ences 



Johx E. Pillsbury 



Rear Admiral U. S. Navy. 

 Formerly Chief Bureau of 

 Navigation 



Rudolph Kauffmaxx 



Managing Editor The Even- 

 ing Star 



T. L. Macdoxald 



M. D., F. A. C. S. 

 S. N. D. North 



Formerly Director U. S. Bu- 

 reau of Census 



1917-1919 



Alexander Graham Bell 

 Inventor of the telephone 



J. Howard Gore 



Prof. Emeritus Mathematics. 

 The George Washington 

 University 



A.. W. Greely 



Arctic Explorer, Major Gen'l 

 U. S. Army 



Gilbert H. Grosvexor 



Editor of National Geo- 

 graphic Magazine 



George Otis Smith 



Director of U. S. Geological 

 Survey 



O. H. TlTTMAXX 



Formerly Superintendent of 

 U. S. Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey 



Henry White 



Formerly U. S. Ambassador 

 to France, Italy, etc. 



Johx M. Wilson 



Brigadier General U. S. 

 Army, Formerly Chief of 

 Engineers 



1918-1920 



Charles J. Bell 



President American Security 

 and Trust Company 



Johx Joy Edsox 



Chairman of the Board, 

 Washington Loan & Trust 

 Company 



David Fairchild 



In Charge of Agricultural 

 Explorations, Department 

 of Agriculture 



C. Hart Merriam 



Member National Academy 

 of Sciences 



O. P. Austix 

 Statistician 



George PL Putnam 



Commissioner U. S. Bureau 

 of Lighthouses 



George Shir as, 3d 



Formerly Member U. S. Con- 

 gress, Faunal Naturalist, 

 and Wild-Game Photogra- 

 pher 



Grant Squires 



New York 



To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-eight years ago, 

 namely, ''the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge," the National 

 Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication 

 are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic 

 knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members 

 of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can 

 use, adequate remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by 

 an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed: 



GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, EDITOR 



CONTRIBUTING EDITORS 



A. W. Greely Alexaxder Graham Bell 



C. Hart Merriam David Fairchild 



O. H. Tittmaxx Hugh M. Smith 



Robert Hollister Chapmax N. H. Dartox 



Walter T. Swixgle Frank M. Chapmax 



Copyright, 191 8, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. 

 Entered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C, as Second-Class Mail Matter. 



Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of 

 October 3, 19 17, authorized July 1, 191 8. 



