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THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



tions to their present height has not been 

 unattended by mistakes and falls. 



The moral solidarity of mankind has 

 of late been made manifest by a demon- 

 stration without precedent in history. 

 The world's heart might be wrung at the 

 exalted sacrifices of the French, Belgians, 

 and Serbians, but it was the world's con- 

 science which ranged all peoples, whose 

 expression was possible, upon one side, 

 except the four nations in which appar- 

 ent certainty of profit calloused any con- 

 ceivable sense of shame. The four re- 

 sponsible for the inexpiable crime of the 

 last war have not an ally or friend on 

 earth. 



The New Europe will be built upon a 

 more enduring foundation stone than was 

 the Old. Force and force alone was the 

 sanction of the Old Order. The New 

 Europe will rest upon the solid rock, the 

 sublime truth proclaimed by Mirabeau, 

 "Right is the Sovereign of the World." 



To establish that truth the Entente 

 Allies have lavished their hard-earned 

 wealth and the priceless blood of millions 

 of their sons. The absolute victory of 

 arms being accomplished, their responsi- 

 bility to mankind enters upon its second 

 stage : to safeguard from a still strong, 

 unrepentant, and subtle foe what has 

 been achieved. 



All the Allies are one in principle, pur- 

 pose, and idea. Yet, because of their 

 greater strength, upon the British, 

 French, Italian, and American democra- 

 cies this responsibility rests. 



Many a political stumble is in store, 

 much turbulence, perhaps bloodshed, be- 

 fore all the enfranchised appreciate and 

 enjoy justice and order and liberty. But 

 through it all let not our faith and sym- 

 pathy waver for even the most ignorant 

 and the longest oppressed. 



EXPLANATION OF THE RACE MAP 



Our map shows, pictorially, the prin- 

 cipal facts regarding the distribution of 

 the peoples of Europe and their relation- 

 ships, based on the researches of Deni- 

 ker, Hrdlicka, and many other savants. 



Racial boundaries differ from the po- 

 litical boundaries of provinces and States. 

 The latter are definite and exact, de- 

 termined often on mathematical lines. 



The former are always indefinite and 

 elusive. Between two adjacent races 

 there is always a neutral zone which be- 

 longs to both and is the property of 

 neither — a border region, where the two 

 fade off into each other by invisible de- 

 grees. 



For the first time in human experience, 

 the effort is being made by the victors 

 after a great war to trace the new fron- 

 tiers in accordance with the racial as- 

 pirations and affinities of the peoples in- 

 volved. Because of this impossibility of 

 defining exactly the limits of a race, many 

 heart burnings are inevitable in the new 

 adjustment of European boundaries. 



Professor Hrdlicka estimates that there 

 are in Europe from 145 to 150 millions 

 of people of Slavic stock, 144 to 148 mil- 

 lions Teutonic, and 125 to 127 millions 

 Greco-Latin. 



Our description of the races of Eu- 

 rope begins farthest east. First taking 

 up the races of the once mighty Russian 

 Empire, we next attempt the Rumanians, 

 then the races of the Balkan Peninsula, 

 afterward those of the once so-called 

 Central Empires, and thus on, following 

 the Map of the Races, until we reach the 

 British Islands. 



THE RACES OF THE RUSSIAN 

 DOMINIONS* 



Taken as a whole, the Russians, as in the 

 days of Peter, are an inchoate mass. Whether 

 the stern Tsar, who sought to knout his sub- 

 jects into civilization, was in truth a benefac- 

 tor to his people is a problem. At least he 

 made it certain that, when an autocratic hand 

 was no longer felt, component parts, not 

 welded but merely held together by brute 

 force, would fall asunder. The spectacle of 

 such disruption we behold today. 



The principal parts, no longer component, 

 are the Great Russians, the Little Russians, 



* See also, in National Geographic Maga- 

 zine, "The Land of Unlimited Possibilities," 

 by Gilbert Grosvenor (November, 1914) ; "Rus- 

 sia's Democrats," by Montgomery Schuyler, and 

 "The Russian Situation," by Stanley Wash- 

 burn (March, 1917) ; "Russia from Within," 

 by Stanley Washburn (August, 1917) ', "A Few 

 Glimpses into Russia," by Zinovi Pechkoff 

 (September, 1917) ; "Voyaging on the Volga," 

 by William T. Ellis (March, 1918) ; "Russia's 

 Orphan Races," by Maynard O. Williams (Oc- 

 tober, 1918), and "The Rebirth of Religion in 

 Russia," by Thomas Whittemore (November, 

 1918). 



