THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



485 



HUNGARIAN PEASANTS IN SUNDAY DRESS KNEEING AS A RELIGIOUS 



PROCESSION PASSES 



The geographical location of a town in Hungary or Austria in which a person lives less 

 frequently affords a probable index to his racial status than in any other country in the 

 world. There has never been any such being linguistically or racially as an Austro-Hun- 

 garian in the sense that there are Frenchmen, or Englishmen, or Spaniards. The empire of 

 the Hapsburgs was a confused conglomeration of peoples of divergent religious and political 

 faiths and of antagonistic blood ties. 



freedom in the Balkan Peninsula, was over- 

 whelmed for a time by the Teutonic Powers in 

 1916. 



There are about 400,000 Montenegrins. They 

 are of tall, large, and erect figure. Their char- 

 acteristics are those of liberty-loving moun- 

 taineers who have lived apart and distrust 

 strangers. Their women are brave, loyal, and 

 implacable as themselves. "The word of a 

 Montenegrin was never broken." Elena, 

 daughter of King Nicholas I, is wife to Victor 

 Emmanuel II and Queen of Italy (see also 

 Jugo-Slavia). 



JUGOSLAVIA 



To unite all the Jugo-Slavs has long been the 

 aspiration of leaders among the Croats and 

 Slavonians as well as those in the Kingdom of 

 Serbia. They wished to include the Bosnians, 

 Helvats, Croats, Slavonians, Dalmatians, and 

 Slovenes, former Austro-Hungarian, or still 

 earlier Turkish, subjects, as well as the inde- 

 pendent South Slavic States of Montenegro (see 



page 484), Serbia (see page 483), and Bulgaria 

 (see page 479). 



The world war has extended this desire, ex- 

 cept that it no longer includes Bulgaria. When 

 Bulgaria allied herself with the Turks, who 

 through centuries had trampled upon the Slavs, 

 and sent her armies to work their savage will 

 upon the Serbians, she outraged Slavic feeling 

 more than her mere alignment with their com- 

 mon foe, the Central Powers, could have done. 



One obstacle to federal union is difference of 

 church communion. Most of the Jugo-Slavs 

 are Eastern Orthodox, the remainder, except 

 those who are Moslems, Roman Catholic. Ob- 

 ligations to Islam rest lightly on the peninsular 

 Moslems and they will eventually join one or 

 the other church. 



" The Roman Church has allowed the Dalma- 

 tian, Slavonian, and Croatian Catholics, almost 

 interruptedly since their conversion, to use the 

 Slavic instead of the Latin liturgy, and to em- 

 ploy their Glagolithic, or Cyrillic Slavic, alpha- 

 bet. f Against this custom there has been, mostly 

 during the last generation, foreign protest, 

 based on political grounds. An attempt, how = 



