THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 



519 



Iberian race. The Christian kingdoms devel- 

 oped individual differences of habit and char- 

 acter. So did every province or district. 



In the extreme south, Andalusia, whose name 

 survives from Vandal conquerors, has been 

 partly or wholly occupied by Phoenicians, Car- 

 thaginians, Romans, Vandals, Suevi, Goths, 

 Jews, Moors, and Arabs. There has developed 

 an Oriental type, handsome and languorous, 

 good-tempered and ready-witted. 



The Asturians may well be proud. Their 

 mountain fastnesses were the only region in 

 the whole peninsula which the Moslems were 

 unable to subdue. The Cave of Covadonga, 

 whence the Christian reconquest of Spain be- 

 gan, is sacred like the Swiss Cave of Riitli. 

 Since 1388 the title of the heir to the Spanish 

 crown has been Prince of the Asturias, and 

 after coronation the king becomes Count of 

 Covadonga. Isolated, hard-working, thrifty, 

 yet by taxation and harsh land laws kept al- 

 ways landless and poor, they retain their spirit 

 of independence and their pride of history and 

 race. 



Among the Catalans one often remarks blue 

 eyes, flaxen hair, and light complexions, atavis- 

 tic indications of Gothic ancestry. The lan- 

 guage spoken differs from other Spanish, being 

 partly a decayed dialect of Provencal. In it 

 the troubadours, after expulsion from France, 

 sang their last songs. Catalonia is a hive of 

 universal and well-directed industry. The 

 large-minded enterprise of the Catalans has 

 made Barcelona, in spite of natural obstacles, 

 a city of 630,000 inhabitants and the commer- 

 cial and industrial capital of Spain. They are 

 notable for their revolutionary spirit and their 

 instant opposition to whatever savors of re- 

 action. 



The Castilians occupy the vast territories 

 around Madrid. Theirs is the purest Spanish, 

 the medium and the test of literary excellence. 

 They are haughty, cultured, lovers of the arts. 

 The knightly Admiral Cervera was a Castilian. 

 Cervantes and Lope de Vega, Velasquez, and 

 Murillo are great names of Spanish literature 

 and art. 



The fifteen Balearic Islands have 320,000 in- 

 habitants, all Spanish. The Moors, who held 

 the islands over four hundred years, have left 

 a marked impression on the physical appear- 

 ance, habits, and language of the people. The 

 language is also mixed with Provengal. 



As the Spanish and Portuguese together 

 share in amity the largest of the Mediterranean 

 peninsulas, so do their children share the larger 

 part of the Western Hemisphere. From the 

 Rio Grande del Norto to the extremity of Cape 

 Horn, all Mexico, Central America, and South 

 America, except the Panama Canal Zone, oc- 

 cupied by the United States, and British- 

 Dutch-French Guiana, are dominated by the 

 languages and the civilization of Portugal and 

 Spain. 



Brazil, which includes nearly one-half this 

 area, and joined the Entente Allies in the re- 

 cent war, is Portuguese. The other States are 

 Spanish. 



A SENORITA OF SEVILLE 



This devotee of Terpsichore is a graduate of 

 one of the finest dancing academies of Europe, 

 for Spaniards, like the Russians before the war, 

 pride themselves upon the thoroughness with 

 which their professional dancers are trained. 



THE FRENCH* 



The French have the most distinct person- 

 ality of any people of Europe. This is partly 



* See also, in National Geographic Maga- 

 zine, "The France of Today," by Major Gen- 

 eral A. W. Greely (September, 1914) ; "The 

 World's Debt to France" (November, 1915) ; 

 "The Beauties of France," by Arthur Stanley 

 Riggs (November, 1915) ; "The Burden France 

 Has Borne," by Granville Fortescue (April, 

 1917) ; "Our First Alliance and Our Second 

 Alliance," by Ambassador Jusserand (June, 

 1917) ; "In French Lorraine," by Harriet Chal- 

 mers Adams (November-December, 1917), and 

 "Our Friends the French," by Carl Holliday 

 (November, 1918). 



