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The Paris Fat Stock Show of 1911. [may, 
Dodat freres, and included only the Nivernais and Charolais 
breeds. 
Charolais Breed. — The Charolais is a handsome white 
animal, which stands in the front rank of French cattle 
for value and importance. This race originated in the 
district of Brionnais, in the province of Charolais, and is 
found to-day throughout the centre of France. The early 
breeders of this race very carefully prevented the introduction 
of foreign blood, but subsequently breeders in the Nivernais 
district introduced the Shorthorn, and as a result of judicious 
crossing with that breed produced a variety called the Niver- 
nais or Charolais-Nivernais, which possesses several marked 
improvements on the original stock. In order to retain the 
almost pure white colour that is a characteristic of the 
Charolais, the greatest care has to be taken in selecting the 
Shorthorn for this cross. Not only must the beast itself be 
of a pure white colour, but it must come of a pure white . stock, 
or signs of reversion to type would appear in the offspring. 
The Charolais-Nivernais grows to a large size, and is the 
finest breed in France for work and beef. The cows are, 
however, poor milkers, and in most cases can do no more 
than feed their young. In the districts where the beet sugar 
industry is extensively followed this breed is very prominent. 
The animals are of great service in preparing the land, and 
they fatten well on the pulp of the beetroot. The bulls sell 
at the shows held in February at prices varying from £20 to 
,£48, and up to £80. 
Several interesting specimens of Shorthorn-Charolais and 
Shorthorn-Nivernais crosses were to be seen at the Show. 
The ameliorating effect of the Shorthorn is very strongly 
marked in the improvement of the flesh-making parts and the 
lessening of the waste portions. It would appear that the 
gain in these respects is of considerably greater value than 
the small loss of labouring power which is said to result from 
these crosses. It would be interesting to see the result of 
a cross between the Charolais and an Aberdeen-Angus. 
The Normand Breed. — The Normand breed, which is the 
dual purpose animal of France, sometimes reaches an enor- 
mous weight, but is of slow growth, being five or six years 
old before being fit for the butcher. Animals have been 
