i34 The Caraway Seed Industry in Holland, [may, 
vated in India by Mr. Howard, of the Pusa Research Station. 
This report goes to show that it is possible to isolate from the 
mixed stocks grown in that country wheats of practically any 
association of characters, and of many diverse types, ranging 
from emmer, probably the first cereal cultivated by man, to 
wheat of a quality rivalling that of Xo. i Manitoba Hard. 
The caraway plant (Carum carvi) is a biennial, about ij to 
2 feet high, which is cultivated for its seeds in some parts of 
England, particularly in Essex and 
The Caraway Seed Kent and also in Holland, Germany, 
Industry 
in Holland anc ^ Northern Russia. The seeds are 
used in confectionery, and also for 
flavouring spirits. On the Continent it is largely used for 
the distillation of kiimmel, and for the production of an 
•essential oil known as caraway oil, which is used for per- 
fumery and medicinal purposes. The caraway oil imported 
into this country appears to come chiefly from Holland, 
where the area under cultivation has recently been greatly 
-extended, and was in 19 10 about 19,500 acres. The crop is 
/grown chiefly in North Holland, Groningen, Zeeland, and 
North Brabant. A memorandum as to the method of culti- 
vation in that country has been supplied to the Board through 
the Foreign Office by the Dutch Ministry for Foreign 
Affairs, in which it is stated that caraway is well able to with- 
stand the cold of winter, though a cold, wet, early summer 
is prejudicial to growth. In the Netherlands and in more 
northerly regions, even in the extreme northern districts of 
Scandinavia, it can be cultivated without difficulty. 
It grows in various kinds of soil, especially in a medium 
clay, but deeply tilled fertile soil, rich in humus and free 
from weeds, is probably most favourable. 
Cultivation. — Caraway is a biennial plant, and therefore 
produces its seed the second year. For this reason it is sown 
under the cover of other plants, usually the pea. This plant, 
especially varieties with short stalks, does not choke the 
young caraway plants, and as it ripens comparatively early 
the caraway is able to develop strongly in the autumn after 
the peas- have been cut. In the province of North Holland 
caraway is also grown under mustard and poppy when culti- 
