191 1.] The Use of Manures in Forestry. 
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principally to Germany, while the straw, 16 to 24 cwt. per 
acre, is used as cattle fodder or litter. 
Caraway is an excellent crop in many respects. Harvesting 
takes place early, so that the stubble can be repeatedly 
ploughed and harrowed, and thus prepared for the next crop. 
After the caraway harvest, vetches are grown with success 
for the purpose of enriching the soil with nitrogen, and in 
some districts, e.g., in West Friesland, various kinds of cattle 
fodder are grown. Prices, however, fluctuate greatly, and 
are sometimes very low, while in some years the caraway 
caterpillar does much damage. On this account caraway 
should not be grown on too large a scale. The price of the 
seed in 1910 was about 24s. per cwt., but afterwards fell to 
about 21s. 6d. per cwt. 
At the Sixth International Forestry Congress at Brussels 
a paper was presented by Dr. Schwappach, Professor of 
Forestry at Eberswalde, dealing with 
The Use of Manures the manuring of forest trees, a question 
in Forestry. to which some attention has been 
devoted in Germany during recent 
years. Dr. Schwappach observed that manuring had not the 
same importance in forestry as in agriculture. The 
relatively small amount of mineral salts retained in timber, 
the long period of time which intervenes between the 
planting and the felling of a forest, the fact that trees 
during their growth give back to the soil the greater 
part of their mineral constituents by the fall of leaves and 
twigs, and, lastly, the decomposition of the soil which is 
constantly going on, all render unnecessary the replacement 
of mineral salts by artificial means. The old Continental 
forest soils, moreover, are usually sufficiently rich in mineral 
salts, and do not suffer from exhaustion under the present-day 
systems. In addition, artificial manuring causes a rise of 50 
to 100 per cent, in the cost of planting, for which no return 
can in any case be obtained until the end of the rotation. 
It is now twenty years since experiments in manuring were 
begun, first in Belgium and Holland, and afterwards in 
Germany. The results up to the present tend to show that 
