8 



BOOK OF THE GARDEN. 



The term orangery was long, as it is 

 at present almost universally on the 

 Continent, considered as synonymous 

 with greenhouse. The orangery at Bed- 

 dington, it may be here remarked, was 

 not a permanent structure, but only a 

 portable shed erected over the trees, 

 (which were planted in the natural soil,) 

 in autumn, and again removed in spring. 



From all we can learn, it appears that 

 the first greenhouses, if we except those 

 of the Romans already alluded to, were 

 those of Jungerman, at Altorf in Saxony; 

 and in England that of Loader, those in 

 the botanic garden at Chelsea, that of Sir 

 Henry Capel at Kew, that of the botanic 

 garden at Oxford, and John Evelyn's at 

 Deptford — the last said to be pretty, but 

 with an indifferent stock in it. 



In this reign, as we learn from Evelyn, 

 parterres, flower - gardens, orangeries, 

 groves, avenues, courts, statues, perspec- 

 tives, fountains, aviaries, terrace-walks, 

 and shorn shrubs were much in vogue. 

 King William introduced dipt hedges 

 and trees, splendid wrought-iron gates 

 and railings, as well as alcoves and urns 

 — which latter, Daines Barrington says, 

 were then first seen in England. Vege- 

 table sculpture and embroidered par- 

 terres now reached their highest point 

 in England. This was a very natural 

 consequence, as at that period these 

 things had arrived at great perfection in 

 the native country of the king ; and it 

 was natural that he should introduce the 

 improvements of his own land into that 

 over which the sovereignty had been 

 assigned him. 



Architectural or geometrical gardening- 

 appears to have been little attended to in 

 Ireland. The remains of the terraced or 

 hanging gardens at Thomastown, with 

 their verdant amphitheatre, supposed to 

 have been the scene of occasional dra- 

 matic performances, show that here at 

 least the ancient style had been fully 

 carried out. Sculptured evergreens are 

 found occasionally to exist, and vestiges 

 of the Dutch style are sometimes to be 

 met with. 



During the fifteenth and sixteenth 

 centuries, the gardens of Falkland Pa- 

 lace, Scone Palace, Holy rood House, and 

 Moray House, are historically men- 

 tioned, although there can be little doubt 

 that many others existed in Scotland at 



and prior to this period. The first attack 

 made on the geometrical style occurred 

 in the reign of Queen Anne, who ordered 

 the parterres before the grand terrace at 

 Windsor to be covered with turf. Wise, 

 afterwards partner with London, but at 

 first royal gardener, planted the gravel 

 pits in Kensington Gardens as a shrub- 

 bery, intersected with winding walks : 

 this may be considered the first attempt 

 at the natural style, and it called forth 

 the warm approval of Addison. Bridge- 

 man succeeded Wise, and began his refor- 

 mation by setting aside vegetable sculp- 

 ture, and introducing wild scenes and 

 cultivated fields. He still, however, 

 retained dipt alleys, although he left the 

 masses through which they passed to 

 grow into a natural state. The great 

 era of architectural and geometrical gar- 

 dening in Britain may be stated to have 

 been from the beginning of the reign of 

 William and Mary to the middle of that 

 of George II. During this period all the 

 finest gardens in this style in England 

 were laid out or finished, beginning pro- 

 bably with Hampton Court, and ending 

 with Cannons and Exton Park ; which 

 latter is supposed to have been the last 

 laid out in the style upon an extensive 

 scale. 



The first examples of the natural or Eng- 

 lish style of laying out gardens, were that 

 of Pope at Twickenham, now no longer 

 existing, and that of Addison at Bilton, 

 near Rugby, which was, a few years ago, 

 nearly in its original state. These were, 

 however, upon a small scale. The higher 

 examples which claim early date are pro- 

 bably Stowe, Pains Hill, Esher, Clare- 

 mont, Hagley, the Leasowes, Persfield, 

 and Woburn Farm, near We/bridge. 



The celebrated Lord Karnes first intro- 

 duced the modern style into Scotland, 

 although he retained a portion of the 

 ancient manner also, as appears by his 

 " Essays on Gardening and Architecture." 

 He carried his ideas into effect at Blair- 

 Drummond; but his views not being 

 comprehended, few for years after followed 

 his example. Most of the places in Scot- 

 land, for long after the introduction of the 

 natural style, were laid out in Brown's 

 manner by his pupil Robertson. As ex- 

 amples of this may be mentioned Dud- 

 dingstone and Livingston entirely ; while 

 Dalkeith, Hopetoun, Moredun, Niddry, 



