10 



GENERAL FORMATION, &c, OF GARDENS. 



apertures through the wall 2 J feet high, and 

 1 0 inches wide, in which a cock is placed, 

 so that, on turning the handle to either 

 side of the wall, the water issues from 

 that side. The nozzles of the cocks have 

 screws on each side, to which is attached 

 at pleasure a leathern pipe with a brass 

 cock and director, roses pierced with 

 holes of different sizes being fitted to 

 the latter. By this contrivance all the 

 trees, both inside and outside the walls, 

 can be most effectually watered and 

 washed in a very short space of time, 

 and with very little trouble. One man 

 may go over the whole in two hours. At 

 the same time the borders, and even a 

 considerable part of the compartments," 

 the whole, indeed, by adding additional 

 lengths of pipes, "can be watered with 

 the greatest ease when required. The 

 convenience and utility of this contriv- 

 ance must at once be perceived by every 

 practical horticulturist." — Encyc. of Gard. 

 and Edin. Encyc. art. " Horticulture." 



This arrangement is excellent for wall 

 fruit trees, and affords an abundant supply 

 for the purpose ; but for watering the bor- 

 ders and main compartments of a garden 

 we prefer flexible and portable pipes, 

 such as are used for fire-engines, because 

 they are capable of discharging more 

 water, and can be carried to any part" 

 where water is required. The expense, 

 in the first instance, is about the same; 

 and although these flexible pipes are 

 more liable to decay than the others, they 

 have the advantage of being more easily 

 repaired, and can be employed for a 

 variety of purposes, while, if properly 

 taken care of, they will last many years. 

 This mode of introducing a supply of 

 water by Hay is deserving of notice, as it 

 was in his day a step in the right direc- 

 tion; and, strange as it may appear, it 

 was the most important improvement 

 effected by him in garden architecture. 

 We may, however, remark, that f-inch 

 pipes are much too small, and that the 

 expense of cutting a groove in the wall for 

 their reception was a useless outlay. The 

 same object could have been much better 

 attained by employing a pipe of larger 

 calibre, say not less for the mains than 2^ 

 inches, laid under the walks, with a verti- 

 cal branch at every 50 feet. To these a 

 flexible tube as a director could be at- 

 tached, and the force of water directed 



against the trees, the operator standing 

 upon the gravel walk, thus obviating 

 any treading on the border, and having 

 the trees better presented to his eye. 

 Besides, another nozzle of larger size, 

 affixed to the upright branch, would 

 admit of a flexible pipe being attached to 

 it for the purpose of watering, or, if ne- 

 cessary, irrigating the quarters of the 

 garden. 



It frequently happens that water may 

 be got at a level sufficient for irrigating 

 the ground, but without sufficient pres- 

 sure to be applied to the wall trees. This 

 is easily remedied, and that without the 

 expense of constructing a large reservoir : 

 for as the pressure is in proportion to 

 the depth of water, and not to the sur- 

 face it covers, it follows that a hollow 

 cylinder or pipe, say 3, 6, or 9 inches 

 in diameter, and 10 feet in height, will 

 give the same amount of pressure on the 

 orifice of the delivery-pipe (if less in 

 diameter than the above) as would a re- 

 servoir 10 feet deep and as many acres 

 in area. A pipe, therefore, of any conve- 

 nient diameter may be placed perpendi- 

 cularly upon the top of one of the walls, 

 or over the cistern, tank, or well of sup- 

 ply ; and if its base be at an equal height 

 with that of the wall, and its top 10 feet 

 above that level, the water pumped into 

 it will have pressure sufficient to syringe 

 the wall trees in a very extensive garden. 



We prefer laying the pipes under the 

 walks to enclosing them in a groove in the 

 wall in Hay's manner, because they are 

 more easily got at in case of requiring to 

 be repaired. For their preservation we 

 usually enclose them between two drain- 

 tiles, the one laid over the other, which 

 separates the metal from the soil, and 

 leaves it surrounded with air. 



Water may be brought to a garden 

 from any distance by various means. 

 The most simple is through leaden, iron, 

 glass, or earthenware pipes, from a foun- 

 tain-head considerably above the garden 

 level, — as the water will flow, so long as 

 the pipes remain air-tight, over any in- 

 equality of surface, and discharge itself 

 within a few feet of its original level: 

 but if it can be brought the greater part 

 of the way in an open drain or rivulet, 

 so much the better. In this case, however, 

 there must be an uninterrupted declivity 

 during its whole course. Pumps may be 



