FOUNTAINS. 



G33 



fountain, to the unprecedented height of 

 267 feet. Single jets of this magnitude 

 have, however, in our estimation, less 

 effect than those of much less force. The 

 jets at Nymphenberg and Chatsworth are 

 interesting, in so far as they show us the 

 maximum power of these means. 



In conveying water for the service of jets 

 and fountains, the usual precautions must 

 be taken to place the pipes at a depth be- 

 yond the reach of frost or other accidents, 

 which may be taken at 2 feet. Our own 

 practice is to lay them, imbedded in dry 

 soft sand, within drain-tile pipes. The 

 following excellent directions as to the 

 size of pipes, &c, are given in " The En- 

 cyclopedia of Villa Architecture : " — " As 

 a general rule, the diameter of the orifice 

 from which the jet of water proceeds — 

 technically called the bore of the quill — 

 ought to be four times less than the bore 

 of the conduit-pipe ; that is, the quill and 

 pipe ought to be in a quadruple propor- 

 tion to each 

 other. The 

 larger the con- 

 duit pipes are, 

 the more free- 

 ly will the 

 jets display 

 their different 

 forms ; and 

 the fewer the 

 holes in the 

 quill or jet, the 

 greater cer- 

 tainty there 

 will be of the 

 form continu- 

 ing the same, 

 because the 

 risk of any 

 of the holes 

 up 



be less. 

 The diameter 

 of a conduit- 

 pipe ought in 

 no case to be 

 less than an 

 inch ; " but 

 for jets of the 

 larger sizes 

 they ought to 

 be 2 inches. " Where the conduit-pipes are 

 of great length — say upwards of 1000 feet 

 — it is found advantageous to begin at the 



VOL. I. 



choking 

 will 



reservoir or cistern with pipes of a diame- 

 ter somewhat greater than those which 

 deliver the water to the quills, because the 

 w r ater, in a pipe of uniform diameter of so 

 great a length, is found to lose much of 

 its strength, and become what is techni- 

 cally called sleepy, while the different 

 sizes quicken it, and redouble its force. 

 For example, in a conduit-pipe of 1800 

 feet in length, the first 600 may be laid 

 with pipes of 8 inches in diameter, the 

 next 600 feet with pipes of 6 inches in 

 diameter, and the last 600 with pipes of 

 4 inches in diameter. In conduits not 

 exceeding 900 feet in length, the same 

 diameter may be continued throughout. 

 When several jets are to play in several 

 fountains, or in the same, it is not neces- 

 sary to lay a fresh pipe from each jet to 

 the reservoir, a main of sufficient size, 

 with branch pipes to each jet, being all 

 that is required. Where the conduit- 

 pipe enters the reservoir or cistern, it 



ought to be 

 of increased 

 diameter, and 

 the grating 

 placed over 

 it to keep out 

 the leaves and 

 other matters 

 which might 

 choke it up, 

 ought to be 

 semi-globular 

 or conical, so 

 that the area 

 of the number 

 of holes in it 

 may exceed 

 the area of 

 the orifice of 

 the conduit- 

 pipe. The 

 object is to 

 prevent any 

 diminution of 

 pressure from 

 the body of 

 water in the 

 cistern, and 

 to facilitate 

 the flow of the 

 water. Where 

 the conduit-pipe joins the fountain, there 

 ought of course to be a cock for turning 

 the water off and on ; and particular care 



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