96 



shallow waters,, while in Belgium and Denmark inshore deposits 

 remain. The Upper Chalk of Ballard Point totals some 1,050 feet, 

 and in the Isle of Wight 1,130 feet. Good localities are east 

 and west of Lulworth Cove. Inland the different zones may be 

 distinguished,, but with greater difficulty than on the coast, in the 

 downlands between the coast and Cranborne Chase. 



Much happened between the deposition of the highest beds 

 of the chalk still seen in this area and that of the Reading Clay, 

 which now rests upon them in apparent conformity. It appears 

 likely, in the first place, that many more beds were added, not only 

 calcareous, but, as the sea became shallow, also clay and sand 

 deposits. The uplifting of the earth's crust, which had now been 

 going on for a long period, continued until the chalk was brought 

 well above the sea as an elevated land. This uplift took the form 

 locally of a vast monoclinal arch, which dipped southward towards 

 Purbeck and the Isle of W'ght. A similar, and possibly an even 

 more complete, arching brought up the Kent and Sussex Chalk. 

 During the last phases of its forming the sea floor the chalk 

 would be certainly wasted by marine action and when it formed 

 dry land atmospheric denudation would be operative. The result 

 of this marine and aerial wasting, which would be particularly 

 marked on the most elevated regions of the arches, is that over 

 the greater part of the mainland chalk of the southern counties, the 

 Belemnitella zone is absent, and, in places, even more than this 

 is missing. In Purbeck and the Isle of Wight more remains, 

 though certainly the Belemnitella zone is not complete. 



After a while the well eroded Chalk surface again sank beneath 

 the waters of the sea and in time was covered by the various early 

 Tertiary deposits of the Eocene and Oligocene periods. It suffered 

 fresh elevations even during these periods, once during the Bag- 

 shot stage and again during the Barton stage. The most con- 

 siderable disturbances took place later — during the Miocene 

 period. Then all over the globe considerable foldings of the earth's 

 crust brought great mountain ranges into being, the Alps, Car- 

 pathians, Himalayas, and the ranges of America. Then also were 

 folded the London and Hampshire Basins, the Wealden Anticline 

 and those of Purbeck and the Isle of Wight, and the physical 

 geography of the South of England generally more or less settled 

 as we have it to-day. 



III. 



Calcium and its Compounds from a Geographical 

 Standpoint. 



By W. J. Woodhouse, A. CP. 

 (Read before the Geographical Section, February 20th, 1915.) 



/CALCIUM has its own distinctive character and personality. 

 ^ Geographically this is prominently manifest in the economic 

 and topographical features of a country consisting of calcium 



