57 



at the weedy edges of ponds, streams and canals open to the 

 sun. The best methods of attack are (a) where possible to 

 eliminate collections of stagnant water by draining or filling; 

 (b) keep the edges of streams, canals and rivers free horn 

 weed in order to give freedom to the natural enemies — smill 

 fish, etc. — of the mosquito larvae ; (c) to kill off the larvae in 

 these places and in ponds by periodically spraying with oil. 



3. Anopheles maculipennis. This, though probably less, 

 common than the last, is certainly the most to be feared, since 

 it not only bites out'of doors, but also habitually enters build- 

 ings in search of its blood meal. The female lives through 

 the winter, hiding in dark, warm places such as cellars and 

 occupied cowhouses and stables, and during this time there are 

 no larvae to be found. Hence the best place of attack in this 

 case is to seek out the winter quarters of the insects and 

 destroy them there, by spraying the walls w T ith some insecti- 

 cide such as a solution of formalin. 



It is also advantageous to whitewash all farm buildings in the 

 early winter, since the mosquitoes do not readily settle on light sur- 

 faces and when they do can be easily detected. The breeding places 

 of A. maculipennis are similar to those of A. bifurcatus, and the 

 same methods can be adopted against the larvae of the two species. 



SURNAMES. 



Abstract of a, Lecture by the Lev. J. E. Kelsall, M.A. 



(Given before the Geographical Section, December 6, 1918). 



O URN AMES came into use in England gradually during the 

 ^ loth and 14th centuries. 



Their chief categories are given below, illustrated as far as 

 possible from the list of members of the Society, but with no 

 attempt to deal with Celtic and foreign names. 



Books consulted: — Bardsley's " English Surnames." 

 Lower's Essays on " English Surnames." 

 Weekley's " Romance of Surnames." 

 Baring Gould's " Family Names." 



With the help of these books any educated man can make an 

 interesting lecture on the names of his neighbours, but in some 

 eases it is necessary to " ask permission." 



1. Christian and other personal names are older than'family 

 names. The following list is from a poem on Wat Tyler's 

 rebellion : — • 



Wat, Tom, Sim, Bet (Bartholomew), Gib (Gilbert), Hick 

 (Richard), Coll (Nicholas), Jeff, Will, Grig (Gregory), Daw (David), 



