Glycogen in Tissues of Diabetic Animals. 95 



shown by the high G : N ratio. The giving of adrenalin during 

 period III is followed by no more extra glucose elimination. In 

 period VI, 9.0 grams (M/10) of lactic acid as sodium salt was 

 administered subcutaneously. Only 4.28 grams of extra glucose 

 were excreted in the urine, which is exactly one half of that which 

 is usually obtained. In period XI 7.4 grams (M/10) of propionic 

 acid were given subcutaneously. During this period only 2.75 

 grams of extra glucose were excreted, which is less than one third 

 of the usual. 



In 1 91 3, Ringer and Frankel 1 found that the administration 

 of acetaldehyde and propyldehyde to phlorhizinized dogs was 

 followed by a marked drop in the formation of acetone bodies 

 and by a rise in the glucose elimination. Explanation for the 

 formation of sugar after propylaldehyde could be found very 

 easily by assuming direct conversion, since it had already been 

 established that both propylalcohol and propionic acid could give 

 rise to glucose, but for glucose formation directly from acetalde- 

 hyde no chemical basis could be found. They therefore had to 

 look for other channels of glucose formation after acetaldehyde 

 administration. They suggested the possibility that the marked 

 antiketogenetic effect of acetaldehyde and glucogenetic effect 

 might be coupled together and that it was possible for acetaldehyde 

 in the body to form a chemical union with either /3-hydroxy butyric 

 acid or acetoacetic acid, forming a compound which is gluco- 

 genetic. This hypothesis seemed to harmonize with all the facts 

 and seemed to explain both the antiketogenetic effects of the 

 acetaldehyde as well as the glucogenetic. 



About a year later Sansum and Woodyatt 2 published a series 

 of experiments in which they showed that the administering of 

 ether or nitrous oxide by inhalation to phlorhizinized animals was 

 followed by a marked increase in the glucose excretion, proving 

 that the animals were not entirely glycogen free. They then 

 treated their animals with adrenalin, to the point when they no 

 longer excreted extra glucose, and then gave them acetaldehyde. 

 The administration of acetaldehyde to those dogs was followed 

 by very insignificant or no extra glucose elimination. From these 



1 Ringer, A. L, and Frankel, E. M., Jour. Biol. Chetn., 1914, xvi, 563-579. 



2 Sansum, W. D., and Woodyatt, R. T., Jour. Biol. Chetn., 1915, xxi, 1-21. 



