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Scientific Proceedings (34). 



had free access to it was about 1,200 c.c. (twenty subjects). 

 When from 1,000 to 2,500 c.c. of pure apple juice are con- 

 sumed neither headache, nausea, albuminuria nor sub-normal 

 temperature is produced. The specific gravity of the urine is 

 greatly decreased when a liter of pure unfermented cider is con- 

 sumed but the volume is markedly increased within forty-five 

 minutes after its ingestion. The forty gallons of pure apple juice 

 consumed by the human subjects of my investigation contained 

 considerable apple pulp and 2.716 grams of free acid (calculated 

 as acetic acid) per 1,000 c.c. 



Benzoatcd cider. — Twenty four subjects were observed in the 

 first experiment. Twelve received pure apple juice ; twelve 

 received samples of the same apple juice containing o. i per cent, 

 of sodium benzoate. As none of the subjects knew that they were 

 to receive at that time anything but pure apple juice, unfavorable 

 psychological influences were eliminated from the experiments. 

 Each subject received three question blanks to be filled out by 

 himself daily as long as any symptoms lasted, which, I am assured, 

 was done faithfully in every instance. 



In comparison with those who received pure cider, the men who 

 drank the benzoated apple juice exhibited the following special 

 symptoms: Burning taste, fulness in the head, headache, nervous- 

 ness, nausea, vomiting, itching of the skin, unusual perspiration, ir- 

 regularity of bowels {constipation usually) decreased flow of urine, 

 increased .specific gravity of the urine, and albuminuria. Excessive 

 amounts of hippuric acid were eliminated, especially during the first 

 few hours, after ingestion of the benzoated apple juice. 



Apple juice to which a small amount of sodium benzoate is 

 added becomes sweeter to the taste, but astringent, stinging, and 

 irritating to mucous membranes. The presence of 0.5 percent, 

 of sodium benzoate renders cider quite unpalatable, but the pres- 

 ence of 0.1 per cent, may be overlooked by subjects not acquainted 

 with the taste of pure apple juice. 



If the apple pulp is previously filtered from the j uice the effects of 

 added benzoate become much more evident. A liter of such 

 filtered cider, containing 0.2 to 0.3 per cent, of sodium benzoate, 

 caused albuminuria within three hours almost without exception 

 in the largest and soundest picked subjects. However, I myself 



