standing of how people think to develop 

 technologies designed to he easily usable. 



After receiving a B.S. in 1957 from 

 M.I.T. and a M.S. in 1959 from the 

 University of Pennsylvania, both 

 degrees in electrical engineering, Dr. 

 Norman switched fields and earned a 

 Ph.D. in psychology in 1962 from the 

 University of Pennsylvania. His diverse 

 academic and work experience gave him 

 a unique perspective on "human infor- 

 mation processing." 



Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics 

 GIACINTO SCOLES, FRS 



Princeton University 

 International School for Advanced 

 Studies, Elettra Synchrotron Laboratory 

 J. PETER TOENNIES, Ph.D. 

 University of Gottingen 

 Max Planck Institute 



For the development of new techniques 

 for studying molecules, including unsta- 

 ble species that could not be examined 

 otherwise, by embedding them in 

 extremely small and ultra-cold droplets 

 of helium. Their work also led to a bet- 

 ter understanding of the extraordinary 

 properties of superfluid helium, such as 

 its ability to flow without friction. 



Giacinto Scoles earned a master's 

 degree from the University of Genoa 

 in 1959, and completed his post- 

 doctoral work at the University of 

 Leiden in The Netherlands. 

 Throughout his academic career, he 

 has divided his time between various 

 institutions. He now teaches at 

 Princeton and the International 

 School for Advanced Studies and 

 conducts research at the Elettra 

 Synchrotron Laboratory. 



Peter Toennies was born and raised 

 in the Philadelphia area. He earned a 

 bachelor's degree in physics at 

 Amherst College in 1952 and a Ph.D. 

 from Brown University in 1957. In 

 1969, he became the director of the 

 Max Planck Institute in Gottingen. He 

 currently works in Gottingen and Bonn 

 and lectures extensively throughout the 

 United States and the world. 



Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth 

 and Environmental Science 

 LUNA LEOPOLD, Ph.D. (1915-2006) 

 University of California, Berkeley 

 M. GORDON WOLMAN, Ph.D. 

 Johns Hopkins University 



For advancing our understanding of how 

 natural and human activities influence 

 landscapes, especially for the first com- 

 prehensive explanation of why rivers have 

 different forms and how flood-plains 

 develop. Their contributions form the 

 basis of modern water resource manage- 

 ment and environmental assessment. 



Engineer, meteorologist, geologist, and 

 environmentalist — Luna Leopold wrote 

 the first environmental impact state- 

 ment on the Everglades that saved that 

 wildlife refuge from sure destruction. 

 Leopold earned a B.S. in civil engineer- 

 ing from the University of Wisconsin, 

 Madison, in 1936 and a Ph.D. in geolo- 

 gy from Harvard University in 1950. 



M. Gordon Wolman is B. Howell 

 Griswold, Jr. Professor of Geography 

 and International Affairs at Johns 

 Hopkins University. He received his 

 undergraduate degree from Hopkins in 

 1949 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 

 geology from Harvard in 1951 and 1953. 



Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry 



SAMUEL J. DANISHEFSKY, Ph.D. 



Columbia University 



Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer 



Center 



For his achievements in synthetic organic 

 chemistry, particularly for the develop- 

 ment of methods for preparing complex 

 substances found in nature and their 

 emerging applications in the field of 

 cancer treatment. 



Samuel Danishctskv is recognized as a 

 leader in synthesizing the precise three- 

 dimensional structures of mam com- 

 plex organic compounds, a field that 

 plays a pivotal role in the discovery and 

 development ol new pharmaceuticals. 

 He earned his Ph.D. in ehemistrv al 

 Harvard in \ L )^2 and began his career 

 at the University ol Pittsburgh, when' 



he taught until 1979. He has been a 

 professor of chemistry at Columbia 

 University since 1993. 



Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life 

 Science 



FERNANDO NOTTEBOHM, Ph.D. 



The Rockefeller University 



For his discovery of neuronal replacement 

 in the adult vertebrate brain and the 

 elaboration of the mechanism and chore- 

 ography of this phenomenon; and also 

 for showing that neuronal stem cells are 

 the responsible agents, thereby generat- 

 ing a completely new approach to the 

 quest for cures for brain injur)' and 

 degenerative disease. 



Dr. Nottebohm, born in Buenos Aires, 

 Argentina, has spent a lifetime studying 

 songbirds. He earned a B.S. in zoology 

 in 1962, and a Ph.D. in 1966 from the 

 University of California, Berkeley. His 

 entire career has been with The 

 Rockefeller University, where he is now 

 director of the Field Research Center 

 for Ecology and Ethnology in 

 Millbrook.N.Y. 



Benjamin Franklin Medal in Civil 

 Engineering 



RAY W. CLOUGH, Sc.D. 

 University of California, Berkeley 



For revolutionizing engineering and scien- 

 tific computation, and engineering design 

 methods through his formulation and 

 development of the finite element method, 

 and for his innovative leadership in apply- 

 ing the method to the field oj earthquake 

 engineering with special emphasis on the 

 seismic performance of dams. 



Ray C lough graduated from the 

 University of Washington's civ il engi- 

 neering program in 1942 and concluded 

 his graduate studies in structural engi- 

 neering at M.I.T in l L M L ). He points 

 out that earthquake engineering, at that 

 time, was not even a recognized part ol 

 any civil engineering curriculum. Raj 

 Clough is credited with developing the 

 Earthquake Research Center in 

 Berkeley, California. 



'I he contents of these pages are provided to Natural //is/on In the Franklin Institute. 



