6 



San Francisco), D.A. Etnier (University of Tennessee, Knoxville), K.E. Härtel (Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge/USA), G. Howes (British Mu- 

 seum, Natural History, London), S.L. Jewett (Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.), 

 E.-J. Kang (Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, Korea), S. Kimura (Mie University, 

 Japan), J.G. Lundberg (Duke University, Durham, North Carolina), G. Nelson (American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York), T.K. Paaver (Institute of Zoology and Botany, 

 Academia of Sciences, Tartu, Estonia), S. Schaefer (Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- 

 delphia), B. Schatti (Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva), K.D. Vasil'eva (Zoological 

 Museum, Moscow Lomonosov State University), H. Wilkens (Zoologisches Institut und 

 zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg), Y.-H. Xie (Institute of Freshwater Fishery 

 of Liaoning Province, China). 



The Division of Biology and the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas 

 are acknowledged for their years of support during the course of this project and my gra- 

 duate study at the University of Kansas. 



I am grateful to Prof. S.-Z. Li (Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing) and Dr. 



H. -P. Schultze (Paläontologisch-geologisches Institut und Museum, Naturkundemuseum 

 der Humboldt Universität, Berlin) for their helps and suggestions during this project. I am 

 greatly indebted to Drs. G. Arratia (Paläontologisch-geologisches Institut und Museum, 

 Naturkundemuseum der Humboldt Universität, Berlin), E.O. Wiley, F.B. Cross, J.S. Ashe, 

 and L.C. Ferrington, Jr, (University of Kansas), M. Coburn (John Carroll University, Ohio) 

 for their critical review and many suggestions on the draft of the manuscript, and to Drs. 

 G. Arratia and C. R. Robbins (University of Kansas) who reviewed the final version of 

 the manuscript. 



I thank many ichthyologists for their help to access the literature. I especially thank E.B. 

 Böhlke (Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia) for the communication on the date 

 of the original description of Phoxinus neogaeus. J. Chorn and K. Shaw (University of 

 Kansas) are acknowledged for preparing the X-ray photographs of Phoxinus brachyurus. 

 This project was partially supported by the following scholarship and agencies at the Uni- 

 versity of Kansas: the International Student Scholarship, the Department of Systematics 

 and Ecology, the Divisions of Ichthyology and Paleontology, the Panorama Society of the 

 Museum of Natural History, and the laboratories of Drs. E.K. Michaelis and M.L. Mich- 

 aelis. 



METHODS 



Data Collecting 



I. Measurements 



Measurements were taken with Dial Calipers reading to 0.1 mm, on the left side of the 

 specimens. Methods for measurements follow Hubbs & Lagler (1947, 1964), except the 

 following which were not defined by those authors: 



Prepelvic length is the distance from end of the snout to the base of the left pelvic fin. 

 Intestine length is the straight length of the intestine. Because the intestine in Phoxinus is 

 coiled, it was removed from the body cavity, uncoiled, and then measured. 



