8 



The illustrations were prepared using microscopes with camera lucida attachment. The 

 photographs were taken with either camera or SEM. 



Terminology 



Terms for different parts of the fish body follow Cross (1967). except for a few cases 

 mentioned in the text (e.g.. breast scales). Terms for different structures of the olfactory 

 organ follow Chen (1988b) and Chen & Arratia (1994). Terms for different structures of 

 the gas bladder follow Bond (1979). 



Phylogenetic analyses 



The phylogenetic analyses follow the cladistic methodology (Hennig 1966, Wiley 1981). 

 Polarities of the transformation series were determined by outgroups comparison following 

 Maddison et al. (1984). Ontogenetic data were also used to determine the polarities of a 

 few transformation series though some disadvantages might be present in the ontogenetic 

 criterion in the polarity determinations (May den & Wiley 1992). 



Because no well-supported hypotheses about the sistergroup of Phoxinus are available, the 

 relationship among Phoxinus and other closely related minnow genera (grouped as He- 

 mitremians herein) are reevaluated using the Exoglossin Clade of Coburn & Cavender 

 (1992) as the outgroups. 



According to the result from the analysis of the relationships among Phoxinus and other 

 genera (see below), Lagowskiella, Rhynchocypris, and Eupallasella were treated as the 

 outgroups for the polarity determination of the transformation series in the phylogenetic 

 analysis among the species of Phoxinus. 210 transformation series including non-osteolo- 

 gical and osteological characters were analyzed. 



The character states (TS) are identified as 0. 1. 2. 3. or 4. among which 0 represents the 

 plesiomorphic state, whereas 1, 2, 3. and 4 correspond to the apomorphic ones. These 

 numbers are present in square brackets following the transformation series number (e.g.. 

 TS 100 [0]. TS 100 [1]). 



PAUP (version 3.0s) (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) program (Swofford 1991) 

 was used to generate the phylogenetic hypotheses presented herein for both the Hemitre- 

 mian Clade and the species of Phoxinus. 



Abbreviations 



A list of abbreviations used in the figures and text is given in appendix IV at the end of 

 the book. 



MATERIAL EXAMINED 



Forty-seven species of Cyprinidae were studied. The species are grouped as non-Phoxi- 

 nus species and Phoxinus species. The non-Phoxinus species are mainly used to evaluate 

 the relationships of Phoxinus with other genera, and to compare with the species of Pho- 

 xinus. 



