16 



raised to generic level. However, Fowler (1918) disagreed with Cockerell (1909) and Jor- 

 dan (1916). Fowler (1918) studied the cotype of P. neogaeus Cope (ANSP 4548) and be- 

 lieved there were Leuciscus species in North America. As the result, Fowler (1918) 

 considered P. neogaeus Cope as Leuciscus neogaeus. 



1920-1929 



Based mainly on the type material of some cyprinids studied by Baird, Girard and Cope. 

 Fowler (1924) studied the North American cyprinids, and assigned Chrosomus with two 

 species, C. erythrogaster and C. oreas, as a genus of the subfamily Chrodrostominae. 

 Jordan (1924) reviewed the North American dace allied to Leuciscus and proposed a new 

 genus Pfrille for Phoxinus neogaeus Cope. In the footnotes, Jordan (1924:71) indicated 

 Pfrille closely related to Phoxinus. Pfrille was accepted as a valid genus name until Bai- 

 ley (1951) considered Pfrille a synonym of Chrosomus. However, Pfrille was used later 

 by some authors (e.g., Stasiak 1972). 



Jordan & Hubbs (1925) studied fishes from Japan and proposed a new genus, Moroco, 

 based on Pseudaspius bergi Jordan & Metz, 1913 as type species. However, Moroco was 

 considered a synonym of Phoxinus by Berg (1932, 1949) and Banarescu (1964), because 

 Pseudaspius bergi was considered a synonym of Phoxinus lagowskii variegatus (Berg, 

 1932), or of P. lagowskii oxycephalies (Berg, 1949). (P. lagowskii variegatus is a syno- 

 nym of P. lagowskii oxycephalus in Berg 1949.) The synonymy in Berg (1932, 1949) was 

 challenged by several ichthyologists (e.g., Okada 1960, Banarescu 1964, Gasowska 1979). 

 Gaswoska (1979) considered Moroco a valid genus name, and three species, Moroco per- 

 cnurus (= P. percnurus of Berg 1949), M. lagowskii oxycephalus (= P. lagowskii oxyce- 

 phalus of Berg 1949). and M. czekanowskii (= P. czekanowskii of Berg 1949). were 

 included in the genus. Howes (1985) considered Moroco a junior synonym of Lagowski- 

 ella. 



Fishes from Ontario of Canada were studied by Hubbs & Brown (1929). Two species of 

 Phoxinus neogaeus and P. erythrogaster were reported. Hubbs & Brown (1929) noticed 

 the specific breast tuberculation of breeding males of these two species and P. oreas. Ba- 

 sed on this character, Hubbs & Brown (1929) claimed that these three species share a clo- 

 se relationship. This was the first time that the breast tuberculation of the breeding males 

 was observed in Phoxinus. 



1930-1939 



Berg (1932) published a book on the freshwater fish fauna in Russia, and prepared a sy- 

 nonym list of Phoxinus. The list includes Rhynchocypris Günther, 1889, Eulinneella Dy- 

 bowski, 1916, Czekanowskiella Dybowski, 1916, IPfrille Jordan, 1924, and Moroco 

 Jordan & Hubbs, 1925. 



The life history of Clinostomus elongatus was studied by Köster (1939), who noticed a 

 roughly triangular patch of scales with one to several more or less developed tubercles on 

 each scale present on the breast of this species. Based on the character of this tubercula- 

 tion and the color pattern, Köster (1939) proposed a close relationship between the Chro- 

 somus-Pfrille group and Margariscus-Clinostomus-Couesius lumbeus group. 



