31 



Fig. 10: Scales on caudal peduncle in hemitremians and in the outgroup (only showing the general 

 shape of the scale and the radii; circuli not presented). A: Hybognathus placitus (KU 2020, 61.6 mm 

 SL); B: Semotilus corporate (KU 16915. 55.4 mm SL); C: Lagowskiella lagowskii (MCZ 32370, 

 103.5 mm TL). Scale bars = 1 rnm. 



The presence of basal radii was first described by Cockerell & Callaway (1909) as one 

 of the characters of Phoxinus. Chu (1935) considered the basal radii a useful character for 

 the identification of some genera and species. In leuciscins [the sistergroup of phoxinins 

 (Cavender & Coburn 1992)], Rutilus and Leuciscus have basal radii on scales (pers. ob- 

 serv.) that might be an evidence supporting the close relationship of these two genera 

 among the leuciscines proposed by Chen (1987b). However, the arrangement of the radii 

 of these two genera is different from that in the Hemitremian clade having basal and api- 

 cal radii. In Leuciscus and Rutilus, the arrangements of both basal and apical radii are 

 fan-shaped, and a large gap is present between the basal and apical radii. In the Hemi- 

 tremians having basal radii, the radii are present on the entire scali and no gap is present 

 between the apical and basal radii (Fig. 10C). - TS 8: Scale bearing apical radii only [0], 

 or bearing both apical and basal radii [1]. 



9. Shape of scales on the caudal peduncle (Fig.l0A-C). In Semotilus, Couesius, Margari- 

 scus, Hemitremia, and in the outgroups, the scales on the caudal peduncle are relatively 

 short, almost round (Fig.l0A-B). In other members of the ingroup, the scales are elonga- 

 ted and rectangular-shaped (Fig. 10C). - TS 9: Scales on caudal peduncle round [0], or 

 elongated [1]. 



10. Breast scales of breeding male (Fig.llA-C). The term "breast scale" is defined ac- 

 cording to Chen & Arratia (1996) as the scales at the region in front of the pectoral fin 

 base, and posterior to the gill cleft. In most members of the ingroup and in the outgroups, 

 the breast scales of breeding males are thin, relatively loose, and not deeply embedded 

 (Fig.llA-B). In Phoxinus, however, the breast scales are much thicker and deeply em- 

 bedded, and the apical (posterior) margins bear tubercles (Fig.llC). 



