42 



Node E: Rhynchocypris and Lagowskiella are united at this node by one synapomorphy: 

 (3) dorsal margin of primary lamella of the olfactory organ bearing a deep notch. 

 Species of Rhynchocypris Günther. 1889 share the following three synapomorphies: (1*) 

 long fleshy rostral process: (5) left and right supratemporal canal connecting on the pa- 

 rietal (reversal); (21) pharyngeal pad of basioccipital bearing an anterior process. Accor- 

 ding to Howes (1985). three species are included in the genus Rhynchocypris: R. 

 oxycephalus Sauvage & Dabry. 1874. R. steindachneri Sauvage. 1883. and R. costatus 

 (Fowler. 1899). 



R. oxycephalus occurs in the tributaries of Chang Jiang River, northern China, western 

 and Eastern Korea (Berg 1949. Huang & Yang 1964). R. steindachneri occurs in Japan 

 and Korea (Jordan & Hubbs 1925). R. costatus occurs in Japan (Fowler 1899). 

 The following four synapomorphies are shared by Lagowskiella Dybowski. 1916: (17) 

 orbital septum lower: (20) supraorbital bone large (reversal): (26*) anterodorsal process 

 of the opercle long and sharp: (27) supraneural 4 large. 



One species. Lagowskiella lagowskii (Dybowski. 1869). is recognized by Howes (1985). 

 This species occurs in east Asia, such as Korea and northeast China (Berg 1949. Yang & 

 Huang 1964). 



Node F: This node corresponds to the trichotomy of [Margariscus + Couesius + Semo- 

 tilus]. The three genera above this node share one synapomorphy: ( 13) one or two tuber- 

 cles centrally present on each breast scale in breeding males. 



Though the relationship of the three genera is unresolved in the strict consensus tree, the 

 two equal most parsimonious trees (Fig.21A. B) resolve the relationship. The difference 

 of relationships in Trees A and B (Fig.21A. B) is due to the different interpretation of two 

 transformation series. TS 11 (shape of apical margin of breast scale) and TS 27 (size of 

 the most anterior supraneural bone). In Tree A. TS 11[1] is considered a synapomorphy 

 of Couesius and Margariscus. and TS 27[1] a homoplastic character in Couesius and Se- 

 motilus. In Tree B. TS 11[1] is interpreted a homoplastic character in Margariscus and 

 Couesius. TS 27[1] a synapomorphy of Couesius and Semotilus. 



Two apomorphies are found in the genus Margariscus Cockerell. 1909: (23*) presence of 

 a deep notch at the ventral margin of the quadrate: (24*) the symplectic bearing a dorsal 

 process. 



A single species. Margariscus margarita Cope (in Günther 1868). belongs to Margaris- 

 cus (Robins et al. 1991): it occurs in northern United States and Canada (Lee & Gilbert 

 1980). M. margarita used to be considered a species of Semotilus (e.g.. Scott & Crossman 

 1973. Lee & Gilbert 1980). This species was recently separated from Semotilus (e.g.. John- 

 ston & Ramsey 1990. Coburn & Cavender 1992) because it is likely more closely rela- 

 ted to Couesius. Phoxinus. or perhaps Hemitremia than to Semotilus (Robins et al. 1991). 

 My study supports separation of the species from Semotilus. though the evidence does not 

 support Robins et al. (1991). Neither of the two equal most parsimonious trees, nor the 

 strict consensus tree show the sister group relationship of Semotilus and Margariscus. 

 Couesius Jordan. 1878 has seven apomorphies: (2*) presence of a posterior barbel: (6) 

 preopercular canal ending at the middle of the ascending arm of the preopercle: (17) or- 



