52 



Fig.23: Ventral view of geni- 

 tal papillae of some species of 

 Phoxinus. A: P. cumberlan- 

 densis (UT 44.1366, para- 

 type. 56.8 mm SL. female): 

 B: P. oreas (KU 3259. 55.9 

 mm SL, male); C: P. tennes- 

 seensis (UT 44.5274, 59.5 

 mm SL, male); D: P. phoxi- 

 nus (ZFMK 585-586. 81.7 

 mm SL. female, lateral view). 

 Scale bar = 1 mm. 



is interpreted as apomorphic condition. Howes (1985) illustrated P. phoxinus as lacking 

 the projection in both males and females. My observation differs from that of Howes 

 (1985) in that a long projection is present in both genders of P. phoxinus. 



Scales 



In cyprinids, generally, scales cover the body, but the head is scaleless. All scales are cy- 

 cloid and round to oval in shape. The margins of the scales are smooth, except for minor 

 serrations in some species. The size of the scale varies from very large (e.g.. Cyprinus 

 carpio) to very small (e.g.. Phoxinus eiythrogaster). Similar to other cyprinids, the spe- 

 cies of Phoxinus bear cycloid scales on the body, but no scale on the head. The scales in 

 Phoxinus are very small and deeply embedded. They are more deeply embedded and smal- 

 ler at the ventral aspect of the body than that at the body's lateral and dorsal sides. 

 The most distinguishing characteristics of scales in Phoxinus are the basal radii, and the 

 elongate shape of the scales on the caudal peduncle. In Phoxinus. the radii are present 

 almost evenly on the scale. The scale's focus is eccentric and close to the basal margin. 

 No variation in radii, and shape of the scale is observed among Phoxinus species (Fig. IOC). 



Tuberculation 



In cyprinids, breeding tubercles generally appear during the spawning season. Wiley & 

 Collette (1970) studied fish breeding tubercles and listed at least 15 families belonging to 



