59 



genetically. According to Tack ( 1940a), the vertical bands in P. phoxinus are resulted from 

 the interruptions of the horizontal stripe. Therefore, based on the ontogenetic evidence and 

 outgroup comparison, the P. neogaeus-iypt is hypothesized to be plesiomorphic (TS 

 22[0]), and other types to be apomorphic condition. Because no evidence is found to de- 

 monstrate how the apomorphic types are derived, I interpret the apomorphic conditions 

 as independently derived from the P. neogaeus-iype (P. erythrogaster-type: TS 22[ 1 ] ; P. 

 phoxinus-type: TS 22[2]; P. oreas-type: TS22 [3]). 



The outgroups and most of the ingroup do not bear large speckles at the dorsal region of 

 the lateral body (TS 23 [0]). Therefore, the presence of the large speckles in P. oreas and 

 brachyurus is proposed to be apomorphic (TS 23 [1]). 



In P. brachyurus, neogaeus, issykkulensis, eos, and erythro gaster, no (or very few) mela- 

 nophores are present at the isthmus or the anterior portion of the breast (TS 24[0]; 

 Fig.28A). In P. phoxinus, melanophores are present at the isthmus only (TS 24[ 1 ] ) 



Fig.29: Diagrammatic profiles of ventral view of caudal peduncle of (A) Phoxinus phoxinus (KU 

 22860, 60.0 mm SL), and (B) P. tennesseensis (UT 44.5274, 58.5 mm SL), showing the distribution 

 of the melanophores. Scale bars = 1 mm. 



