60 



(Fig.28B). In P. oreas, tennesseensis, and cumberlandensis melanophores are present on 

 both isthmus and breast (TS 24[2]; Fig.28C). 



No melanophore is present on the isthmus and breast in the outgroups. In some young P. 

 oreas, melanophores do not extend as far posteriorly as in adults. Thus the absence of me- 

 lanophores (at both isthmus and breast) is hypothesized to be the plesiomorphic conditi- 

 on, the presence of melanophores at the isthmus, and the presence of melanophores on 

 both isthmus and breast to be the apomorphic conditions. 



No (or very few) melanophores are present on the belly in Phoxinus species. However, 

 numerous melanophores are present on the ventral surface of the caudal peduncle in P. 

 brachyurus, neogaeus, issykkulensis, and tennesseensis (Fig.29B). The presence of these 

 melanophores is apomorphic (TS 25 [1]) in comparison with the outgroups which do not 

 bear melanophores in this region (TS 25 [0]). 



Fig. 30: Profiles of dorsal view of pectoral fin (A-B), and lateral view of dorsal fin (C-D) of species 

 of Phoxinus showing the distribution of the melanophores on the fins. A: P. neogaeus, unbreeding 

 male (ANSP 48468, 59.7 mm SL); B: P. neogaeus, breeding male (UT 44.2870, 49.0 mm SL); C: P. 

 erythrogaster (KU 7300, 59.5 mm SL); D: P. tennesseensis (UT 44.5274, 58.8 mm SL). Scale = 1 

 mm. 



