68 



Fig. 35: Kinethmoid of Phoxinus (a: anterior view; b: posterior view; c; lateral view). A: P. erythro- 

 gaster (KU 5773, 51.5 mm SL); B: P. eos (KU 12255, 43.0 mm SL); C: P. cumberlandensis (KU 

 18934, 52.0 mm SL); D: P. neogaeus (KU 8521; 53.0 mm SL); E: P. phoxinus (CNUC uncat., 76.0 

 mm SL). Scale bars = 1 mm. 



Kinethmoid (Fig.35A-E). This small median endochondral bone is located at the ante- 

 rior end of the neurocranium. This bone is bar-like, with numerous modifications on its 

 dorsal and lateral aspects in cyprinids (Ramaswami 1955a, b). Via ligaments, the bone 

 joins with the supraethmoid posteriorly, and maxilla and premaxilla laterally in cyprinids 

 (Ramaswami 1955a, b, Harder 1975, Mayden 1989). 



