88 



In the outgroups, the anterior margin of the wing-like structure is shallowly concave, and 

 the posterior margin of the plate-like portion of the exoccipital is concave. 

 Supraoccipital and medial extrascapula (Figs.44A, B, 51A-C). In cyprinids, the 

 supraoccipital is a medial bone and placed at the most posterior portion of the dorsal side 

 of neurocranium and forms the posterior roof of the braincase. Size of the crest varies 

 greatly in the cyprinids from well-developed (e.g., Luciobrama macrocephalus, Cteno- 

 pharyngodon idellus - Howes 1978, 1981) to poorly developed (e.g., P. phoxinus). 

 Dorsally, the supraoccipital is overlapped by the parietal anteriorly and contacts with the 

 epioccipital laterally in Phoxinus. Posteriorly, the supraoccipital sutures with the epiocci- 

 pital and the exoccipital laterally and exoccipital ventrally. The supraoccipital forms the 

 middle portion of the posterior cover of the braincase and the dorsal edge of the foramen 

 magnum. 



Fig.5 1 : Supraoccipital of 

 Phoxinus (a: dorsal view; b: 

 ventral view). A: P. phoxinus 

 (CNUC uncat., 76.0 mm TL); 

 B: P. erythrogaster (KU 

 5773. 51.5 mm SL); C: P. 

 cumberlandensis (KU 18934; 

 52.0 mm SL). Scale bars = 1 

 mm. 



