99 



Extending dorsally, the posterior ascending process is located at the posterior portion of 

 the maxilla. It is high and relatively narrow in P. oreas and issykkulensis (TS 101 [1]); it 

 is broad in other species of Phoxinus and in the outgroups (TS 101 [0] ). 

 The posterior process is the most posterior portion of the maxilla. It extends ventropo- 

 steriorly in P. brachyurus, cumberlandensis, erythro gaste r, issykkulenis, eos, and in the 

 outgroups (TS 102[0]); it extends posteriorly in other species of Phoxinus (TS 102[1]). 



Lower jaw 



In cyprinids, the lower jaw is composed of five paired bones and cartilages, i.e., dentary, 

 retroarticular, sesamoid bone, anguloarticular, and Meckel's cartilage. Ramaswami (1955a) 

 did not mention the Meckel's cartilage in the lower jaw of cyprinids, whereas Sarbahi 

 (1932) only described three bones, i.e., dentary, angular (= retroarticular), and articular (= 

 anguloarticular) in Labeo rohita. 



Dentary (Figs.59A-B, 60A-C, 61 A-B). In Phoxinus, the dentary is the largest element 

 of the lower jaw; it is L-shaped with a coronoid process at the posterodorsal portion of 

 the bone. Its ventrolateral portion bears the mandibular canal. The anguloarticular, se- 

 samoid bone, and Meckel's cartilage are attached to the medial side of the dentary and 

 the retroarticular to the ventroposterior portion of the dentary. 



Fig.60: Lower jaw of Phoxinus in lateral (a) and medial (b) views. A: P. eos (KU 12255, 43.0 mm 

 SL); B: P. issykkulensis (P-10696, 42.4 mm SL); C: P. cumberlandensis (KU 18934, 52.0 mm SL). 

 Scale bars = 1 mm. 



