109 



Fig. 68: Lateral view of Sus- 

 pensorium Phoxinus. A: P. 

 neogaeus (KU 8521, 53 mm 

 SL): B: P. oreas (KU 3259. 

 55.0 mm SL); C: P cumber- 

 landensis (KU 18934. 52.0 

 mm SL); D: P issykkulensis 

 (P- 10696. 42.4 mm SL). The 

 arrow shows notch of the me- 

 tapterygoid; scale bars = 

 1 mm. 



The shape of the quadrate varies greatly in cyprinids. Generally, it is a square-shaped plate 

 bone with a posterior process at its ventral portion, articulating with the symplectic and 

 a condyle (or the articular facet, Arratia & Schultze 1991) at its anteroventral side that ar- 

 ticulates with the anguloarticular. The quadrate can be high and short (e.g., Moroco keum- 

 gang - see Kim & Kang 1986), or low and elongated (e.g.. Luciobrama macrocephalus, 

 Elopichthys bambusa - see Howes 1978, Chen 1987b). The long and elongated conditi- 

 on is generally present in the fish with elongated neurocranium (Howes 1978. Chen 

 1987b). In Luciobrama macrocephahis, a foramen is present at the area posterior to the 

 condyle of the quadrate (Howes 1978, Chen 1987b). Howes ( 1978: 15) indicated that "there 

 appears to be no nerve or vessel of any kind passing through this aperture but only fibers 



