t 



115 



PHB4 



Fig. 72: Dorsal view of 

 pharyngobranchials and epi- 

 branchials of Phoxinus. A: P. 

 neogaeus (KU 8521. 53.0 

 mm SL): B: P. erythrogaster 

 (KU 5773. 51.5 mm SL): C: 

 P. phoxinus (CNUC uncat.. 

 76.0 mm TL): D: P. eos (KU 

 1 1335.49.0 mm SL): E: P. is- 

 sykkulensis (P- 10696, 42.4 

 mm SL): F: P. oreas (KU 

 3259. 55.0 mm SL). Scale 

 bars = 1 mm. 



Pharyngobranchial 4 (Fig.72A-F) is a cartilage in Phoxinus, and placed at the posterior 

 margin of the pharyngobranchial 2+3. It contacts the pharyngobranchial 2+3 anteriorly, 

 and epibranchial 4 posteriorly. This cartilage is a slender bar in shape. Pharyngobranchi- 

 al 4 is present in P. oreas, issykkulensis, and phoxinus (TS 144[ 1 ] ), but absent in other 

 species of Phoxinus and in the outgroups (TS 144[0]). 



Epibranchials (Fig.72A-F). Four paired bones are included, i.e.. epibranchials 1, 2, 3, 

 and 4. 



Epibranchial 1 (Fig.72A-F) is a bar-shaped bone articulating with pharyngobranchial 1 

 dorsally, and ceratobranchial 1 ventrally. The dorsal portion of epibranchial 1 is narrower 

 than the ventral portion. In P. erythrogaster, phoxinus, issykkulensis, and oreas, the dor- 

 sal portion of epibranchial 1 is constricted, much narrower than the ventral portion of the 



