120 



3. Anterior edentulous process: The process is straight in P. neogaeus, erythroga- 

 ster, phoxinus, and eos (TS 161 [1]); it is bent in other species of Phoxinus and in the out- 

 groups (TS 161 [()]). 



4. Tip of the anterior limb: A notch is present at tip of the anterior limb in P. is- 

 sykkulensis and P. eos (TS 162[1]); this notch is not present in other species of Phoxinus 

 or in the outgroups (TS 162[0]). 



5. Pitted surface: Different numbers of pits are present on the surface. Generally, there 

 are a few large and numerous small pits, such as in P. brachyurus, issykkulensis, oreas, 

 phoxinus, neogaeus, tennesseensis, cumberlandensis, and in the outgroups (TS 163[0]). In 

 P. eos, and erythrogaster, however, only two or three large and elongated pits are present 

 with very few or without small ones (TS 163[1]). 



6. Pharyngeal teeth: The pharyngeal teeth are present in one row in all North Ameri- 

 can Phoxinus (TS 1 64 [ 1 ] ) except P. neogaeus; the teeth are in two rows in all Eurasian 

 Phoxinus (P. phoxinus, brachyurus, and issykkulensis) and the North American P. neogae- 

 us (TS 164[0]). If two rows are present, the teeth on the main row are much higher, stron- 

 ger, and better developed than that in the secondary (minor) row. 



Two rows of pharyngeal teeth are present in the outgroups. The presence of one row of 

 the teeth is therefore interpreted as apomorphic, and the presence of two rows of teeth as 

 plesiomorphic in Phoxinus. 



In the species with two rows of teeth, the formulae of the teeth usually are 5.2(l)-( 1)2.5, 

 or 4.2(1 )-2( 1 ).4. In the species with one row, the formulae generally are 5-5, or 4-4. How- 

 ever, intraspecific variation of the formulae is very common in Phoxinus (e.g., P. phoxi- 

 nus), as indicated in "Species Account". 



Fig. 75: Ventral view of the first and second vertebrae of Phoxinus. A: P. eos (KU 12255, 43.0 mm 

 SL); B: P. cumberlandensis (KU 18934, 52.0 mm SL); C: P. neogaeus (KU 8521. 53.0 mm SL): D: 

 P. oreas (KU 3259, 55.0 mm SL); E: P. erythrogaster (KU 5773. 51.5 mm SL). Scale bars = 1 mm. 



