159 



Vertebrae 40-43 (three specimens); precaudal vertebrae 22 or 23, caudal vertebrae 18 or 

 20. 



Intestine short, simply looped; its length 70% of standard length. Gas bladder slender and 

 elongated. Anterior chamber of the bladder round at its anterior end, and about 50% of 

 the posterior chamber in length. Both chambers nearly cylindrical, not tapering from an- 

 terior to posterior portion, though posterior end narrows slightly. Constriction elongated. 

 Pneumatic duct placed at middle of constriction. Peritoneum silver in color. 

 Male Tuberculation. Dorsal, lateral and ventral sides of the head bearing tubercles. 

 However, the morphology and density of the tubercles vary with regions. On dorsum of 

 head, tubercles few in number, but large and tall in shape. Three tubercles along the me- 

 dial margin of nasal opening, two of which are adjacent to tubercles at the medial mar- 

 gin of the other nasal opening. Four tubercles on the dorsal rim of the orbit. The anterior 

 two are close to each other, and posterior two also close together. Five tubercles dorsal- 

 ly between eyes, four of the five forming a square, the remaining one located at center of 

 square. Tips of these tubercles directed left, right, posteriorly, or dorsally. About 14 tu- 

 bercles arranged in three rows on posterior portion of head: anterior row of three, midd- 

 le row of four, and posterior row of seven tubercles. 



Numerous tubercles present on lateral side of head. Posterior one-third of opercle bearing 

 small, tall, sharp tubercles; anterior area with larger, shorter tubercles. Density of tuber- 

 cles on the opercle very high, the most dense among all regions in all studied Phoxinus 

 species. Branchiostegals and cheek bearing numerous large but short tubercles. No tuber- 

 cle on anterior end of snout. On ventral side of the head, tubercles mainly present at ven- 

 tral portion of the lower jaw. 



The dorsal, lateral, and most of the ventral sides of body bearing tubercles. About seven 

 rows of scales on breast bearing well-developed tubercles. Each scale in this region bears 

 a few tubercles at its apical margin to form a comb-like edge. Ventral body anterior to 

 anal fin origin not bearing tubercles. Each scale on lateral and dorsal surfaces having four 

 to 12 tubercles at apical margins. 



All fins bear sharp tubercles. On ventral side of pectoral fin, membrane between two rays 

 from the first to eighth rays bear four to seven tubercles in one row near the distal mar- 

 gin of the fin; fewer tubercles on fin-rays. On the dorsal side of pectoral fin, each ray 

 from the second to eighth bears three rows of tubercles distally, decreasing to two rows 

 and then to one row proximally. Fewer tubercles present on the membrane. No tubercles 

 present at the proximal part of pectoral fin. 



On the dorsal side of the pelvic fin, each of the first five rays bears two rows of tuber- 

 cles distally, decreasing to one row proximally. The proximal one-third of the fin bears 

 no tubercles. Each of the remaining rays bears one short row of tubercles on the proxi- 

 mal portion. No tubercles on interradial membranes of the fin. Fewer tubercles present on 

 ventral side of fin. 



Few tubercles are present on fin rays and membrane of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. 

 Female Tuberculation. Tubercles are present on dorsal and lateral sides of head, no 

 tubercles on ventral side of head. Tubercles on dorsum of head few, large and sharp. Five 

 large tubercles along dorsal rim of each orbit, two or three of the five at the anterodorsal 



