171 



discussed a close relationship between Phoxinus (P. phoxinus and P. neogaeus) and 

 Chrosomus, Bailey (1951) first merged P. neogaeus and other North American Phoxinus 

 species into the single genus Chrosomus. Banarescu (1964) considered Chrosomus a sy- 

 nonym of Phoxinus. Thus, through a long way of change, this minnow returned to its ori- 

 ginal genus Phoxinus. After Banarescu (1964), some ichthyologists used the name 

 Phoxinus neogaeus (e.g., Mahy 1975c), others used Pfrille neogaea (e.g. Gasowska 1979), 

 or Chrosomus neogaeus (e.g., Stasiak 1977) for this species. Most ichthyologists seem to 

 agree to use name Phoxinus neogaeus for this dace since the early 1980s (e.g., Stasiak 

 1980). Because hybrids of P. neogaeus and eos have been found from many places, and 

 hybrids are fertile (Legendre 1970b), some ichthyologists considered these two species 

 sharing a close relationship (e.g., Scott & Crossman 1973), which is not supported by this 

 publication. 



Etymology 



The epithet name of this species "neogaeus" means "new-world" (for neo- and -gaeus) 

 (Nelson & Paetz 1992), referring the species as a New World species of Phoxinus. 



Phoxinus cumberlandensis Starnes & Starnes, 1978 



Synonymy 



Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque, 1820 - Jordan & Swain 1883: 248 (mis. id., based 

 on color desc, Whitley County, Kentucky). 



Phoxinus cumberlandensis Starnes & Starnes, 1978 - Starnes & Starnes 1978: 508, 509, 

 512, 513-515, tabs. 1-2, figs.l, 2A, 3A, 4 (orig. desc, Type locality: Cumberland River 

 drainage of Kentucky and Tennessee); Joswiak et al. 1980: 914, tab.l, fig.lA (Chromo- 

 somes, Kentucky); Starnes & Starnes 1980a: 335, fig. p. 335 (no figure number) (general 

 review); Starnes & Starnes 1981: 360-362, 364-370, tab.l, figs. 1-3 (biology, Upper Cum- 

 berland River); Warren 1981: 129, 132-133 (new record, eastern Kentucky); Böhlke 1984: 

 74 (type specimens in ANSP); Constantinescu et al. 1984: tab.l (coloration and behavior 

 comparison with other Phoxinus species); Starnes & Jenkins 1988: 517, 521, 526 (name); 

 O'Bara 1990: 9, 10, 12, 13, tabs.l, 2 (new record and ecology, Upper Cumberland River); 

 O'Bara 1991: (no page number, ecology and behavior). 



Phoxinus sp. 1977 Starnes & Starnes 1977: 1-3, figs. 1-3 (dist. and population status, Up- 

 per Cumberland River). 



Material studied 



Paratypes: ANSP 138365, 13 alch.; Eagle Creek at Kentucky 896, 3.4 km NE of Ken- 

 tucky, 90 jet., McCreary County, Kentucky, USA; W.C. & L.B. Starnes; 29 May 1977. - 

 USNM 217810, 85 alch.; Younas Creek at Gravel Road, 0.8 km west of US 25 W. 10.7 

 Air km N W of Williamsburg, Whitley County, Kentucky, USA; W.C. Starnes & L.B. 

 Starnes; 6 September 1976. - UT 44.1366, 5 alch.; Lawson Branch (tributary to Capu- 



