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ni, Etheostoma kennicotti, Etheostoma sagitta, and occasionally Phoxinus erythrogaster. 

 Diet of P. cumberlandensis varies, mainly including sand (35%), algae (8.4%), inverte- 

 brates (4.6%), and some other unidentified organic materials (32.1%). Its diet differs from 

 that of most sympatric species in that invertebrates occupy a very small portion of the 

 whole diet (4.6%); whereas, in other species invertebrates comprise from about 50% (e.g., 

 Catostomus commersoni), to almost 100% (e.g., Etheostoma sagitta, and E. kennicotti). 

 However, its diet is similar to that of Campostoma anomalum, Pimephales notatus, and 

 Phoxinus erythrogaster. 



This dace spawns on nest of stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum. Its average fecundity is 

 1540 ova per female. P. cumberlandensis grows rapidly the first year, more slowly in the 

 second and third years. Starnes & Starnes (1981) estimated the standard length of the spe- 

 cies at the end of the first year as 35.4 mm, end of the second 54.3 mm, and the end of 

 the third 65.5 mm for the dace from the Young's Creek in Kentucky. The life span of the 

 fish was estimated to be 3 years. 



Distribution 



P. cumberlandensis is restricted to small streams of the upper Cumberland River basin in 

 Kentucky and Tennessee, USA (Starnes & Starnes 1978). It has been found in 30 streams 

 of the Cumberland River drainage (O'Bara 1990). 



Comments 



Starnes & Starnes (1978) considered P. cumberlandensis more closely related to P. oreas 

 than to any other Phoxinus species, because these two species share similar-shaped opercle, 

 long and complicated looped intestine, and nuptial coloration. Because of its restricted and 

 isolated distribution, and habitat degradation resulting from human activities, mainly from 

 coal mining, this dace is currently listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wild- 

 life Service. O'Bara (1990) reported it was apparent absent from eight creeks where it 

 was found from 1979 to 1981. 



Etymology 



The epithet " 1 cumberlandensis" derives from a combination of "Cumberland" and Latin 

 suffix "-ensis" referring to the Cumberland River drainage where the species is endemic 

 (Starnes & Starnes 1978). 



Phoxinus tennesseensis Starnes & Jenkins, 1988 



Synonymy 



Chrosomus erythrogaster (Rafinesque) - Henshall 1889: 31 (Whiteside, Tennessee, mis. 

 id.); Evermann & Hildebrand 1916: 443 (Roariny Fork, Tennessee, mis. id.); Evermann 

 1918: 339 (mis. id.); Fowler 1923: 9 (Holston, Vagiania, mis. id.); Fowler 1924: 391 (Hol- 

 sten, Vagiania, mis. id.); Fowler 1936: 111 (Hiwassee System, Tennessee, mis. id.). 



