7 



Doyen (University of California, Berkeley); Prof. E. Holm (University of Pretoria); Mr. 

 M. Kerley (The Natural History Museum, London); Mrs. J. McNamara (Biosystematics 

 Research Centre, Ottawa); and Dr. O. Merkl (Hungarian Museum of Natural History, 

 Budapest). Prepared slides were obtained from Dr. A. Hardy (Department of Food and 

 Agriculture, California) and Dr. D. Carlson (Orangeville, California). 

 In order to relax the specimens, they were boiled for approximately five minutes in distilled 

 water. The specimens were then pinned to a styrofoam platform and further prepared in 

 one of two methods. The first consisted of using fine forceps to remove the wings at the 

 tergum, keeping the wing articulation intact. The right wing was placed on a clean slide 

 with several drops of absolute alcohol. The wing was spread, and held until the alcohol 

 had evaporated. No mounting medium was used, but in many instances putty was used to 

 fix the wing in an outstretched position (especially large wings). The first, second and 

 third axillaries, of the left wing, were dissected and mounted on paper points. The second 

 method involved pinning the just-boiled specimen to a spreading board, securing the right 

 elytron by either excising it or pinning it away from the anterior margin of the wing, and 

 securing the wing in an outstretched position for drying. Softening and clearing the wings 

 in either hot or CQld KOH did not prove to be useful and was attempted only a few times 

 before this method was abandoned. 



High contrast photographs which clearly indicated veins and degree of sclerotization were 

 produced by placing the wing and slide into a Durst 609 enlarging camera and exposing 

 directly onto Ilford Ilfospeed Multigrade II photographic paper. Exposure times varied 

 from 2 seconds for poorly sclerotized, small wings, to 60 seconds for well sclerotized, 

 large wings. The exposed paper was developed using Ilford PQ Universal developer and 

 Amfix high speed developer. Developing times were gauged by eye and feature contrast. 

 The wing articulation, wing base and fine veinal features, such as the radial cell and hinges, 

 were poorly reproduced using this method. For these a Hitachi Model S-450 scanning 

 electron microscope was used for both viewing and photographing. 

 Illustrations of the hind wing articulation, wing base and wing venation were completed 

 using a Zeiss dissecting binocular microscope and a Zeiss 1,8 Camera Lucida. Finer 

 features, from small species, were drawn directly from SE micrographs. Correction of 

 drawings was completed with a Zeiss compound microscope. Photographing directly 

 through a Zeiss dissecting microscope produced poor photographs, with uneven glare due 

 to strong wing fluting and poor resolution. 



Taxa studied 



Hind wings of the following genera were examined during the course of this study. Family 

 and subfamily concepts are from Scholtz (1990), Browne (1993), and Scholtz & Browne 

 (Bolboceratidae, in press). 



Superfamily Scarabaeoidea 

 Glaresidae: Glare sis 



Passalidae: Aceraius, Aulacocyclus, Ceracupes, Didimus, Odontotaenius, Oileus, Passalus, 

 Proculejus, Verres, Veturius 



