9 



Serien, Sisyphus, Sparmannia, Spilophorina, Stethpseudincta, Strategus, Strigodermella, 

 Sulcophanaeiis, Syrichthodontus, Tephraea, Tragiscus, Trichiorhyssemus, Trochalus, 

 Trogode s, Uroxys, Valgus, Xinidium, Xyloryctes 



The figures occur together at the end of this book. The abbreviations used in the 

 descriptions and figures are given in the Appendix. 



THE MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE HIND WING 

 ARTICULATION AND WING BASE OF SCARAB AEOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) 



General structure of the wing 



The wing is divided into three main sections: (1) the wing articulation; (2) the wing base, 

 and (3) the membranous w ing and veins. The wing articulation and wing base are separated 

 by a hinge line (Kukalovä-Peck 1983) (Figs.l, 2b). Muscles attached to the wing articula- 

 tion mobilize the sclerites, while the wing base conveys the movement of the wing articula- 

 tion to the wing blade. 



We are in agreement with Kukalovä-Peck (1983) that there were eight veinal pairs in the 

 ancestral protowing (Fig.l). From leading edge to trailing edge, the primary veins are as 

 follows (abbreviations to be used in the text are in brackets): Precosta (PC), Costa (C), 

 Subcosta (Sc), Radius (R), Media (M). Cubitus (Cu), Anal (A) and Jugal (J). Each primary 

 vein was primitively composed of two fluted sectors, a convex anterior (A+) and a concave 

 posterior (P-). Thus. ScA denotes the anterior subcostal sector while CuP denotes the 

 posterior cubital sector. Branching of veins was primitively even (=dichotomous). For 

 example, MP branched into MP 1+2 and MP3+4 then branched again into MP1, MP2, 

 MP3, and MP4. Each primary veinal sector branched about three times in the primitive 

 condition. 



The ancestral articulation was a simple, broad band extending between the wing and the 

 tergum and continuing ventrally under the wing. Dorsally, the band was fissured into eight 

 rows of four sclerites. aligned with eight veinal pairs, giving 32 sclerites (Fig.l). The 

 articular sclerites serve as channels which keep the blood passages between the wing veins 

 and the body cavity open. 



The nomenclature of the articular band is based on the articulation of Palaeodictyoptera: 

 Homoiopteridae. Abbreviations given in brackets will be used in the remainder of the text. 

 The basivenalia (B) are the most distal column of sclerites and are the sclerites which are 

 continuous with or hinged to the veinal pair. They are followed proximally by fulcalaria 

 (F) which primitively have musculature and provide the hinges for wings of the Pterygota, 

 axalaria (AX), and proxalaria (P) which are the most varied in shape, length and width. 

 Each row of sclerites is named by using the primary vein with which it is aligned as an 

 adjective. For example. PCu denotes the cubital proxalare while BJ denotes the jugal 

 basivenale. 



