15 



The anal basivenalia (BAA + BAP) are of variable size and degree of sclerotization 

 (Fig. 2b). Distally they are continuous with AA and AP respectively. The anterior margin 

 of BAA is often closely associated with, or fused to, BCuP. The jugal basivenalia (BJA 

 + BJP) are very small to absent (Fig. 2b). Distally they are continuous with JA and JP 

 respectively. 



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 



Description format 



Descriptions of scarabaeoid families and scarab subfamilies, and most other taxa of 

 uncertain phylogenetic status were constructed based on a broad examination of many 

 scarabaeoid taxa. To avoid undue repetition a hierarchical system of italic and plain font 

 styles are employed. An hypothetical example of a 2 Ax description format is as follows: 

 "Body - Dorsal View: Proximal lobe deltoid; long; arises medially from arm. Base very 

 broad. Apex narrowly rounded; weakly curved anteriad. Antero-proximal margin with 

 a concavity. Distal lobe deltoid ..." 



This indicates that the structure being described is 2Ax body (one dash) in the dorsal view 

 (full colon). More specifically, the description details the dorsal view of the proximal lobe 

 including observations about its base and apex (italics). An additional note concerning the 

 antero-proximal margin of the apex is also given. A description of the distal lobe follows 

 and the hierarchical system is repeated. 



The descriptions which follow are groundplans. Therefore, any modification of those states 

 can be considered as derived. 



Glaresidae 



Introduction 



Glaresidae are a small (about 50 species), virtually cosmopolitan monotypic family 

 (Scholtz 1990) accommodating the genus Glaresis Erichson. It has wide geographical 

 distribution which includes Africa, southern and eastern Europe, and North- and South 

 America. It is absent from Australia. Approximately 50 species are included in the genus. 

 Glaresidae biology and phylogeny were dealt with by Scholtz et al. (1987). 



Glaresis was originally placed in the Trogidae based on a few generalized characters. The 

 lack of any demonstrable apomorphies led Scholtz et al. (1987) to propose the family 

 Glaresidae. Based on the non-chiasmate Xyp sex chromosome, Smith & Virkki (1978) 

 concluded that Glaresis is the most archaic living scarabaeoid genus. This view was 

 reiterated by Scholtz et al. (1994) in a review of all characters suites, including those of 

 the hind wing articulation and wing base. 



