35 



Australia and Africa, whereas Polynoncus Burmeister occurs only in South America. 

 Adults and larvae are keratin-feeders. 



The Trogidae are a well-defined family whose monophyly is supported by numerous 

 derived characters (Scholtz 1986; Scholtz 1990: Scholtz & Peck 1990; Browne et al. 1993). 

 Their phylogenetic position within the Scarabaeoidea as one of the most archaic families 

 has been proposed by Crowson (1967, 1981) and Scholtz (1986). Howden (1982) 

 concluded that trogids are highly apomorphic and probably closely related to the 

 Hybosoridae. The wings of Trogidae have previously been well-studied (Browne et al. 

 1993). 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 52) 



Head - Dorsal surface normal size weakly convex; moderately broad. Antero-dorsal margin 

 normal width; weakly deplanate; oriented postero-distad. Antero-proximal margin very 

 strongly enlarged ventrally. Postero-proximal margin weakly enlarged proximally. FSc2 

 base normal width. Apex rounded; oriented postero-distad. Anterior surface broad; very 

 long; not waisted medially. FScl very weak. Ventral projection tapers from base to apex; 

 short but of normal width; deeply concave; oriented disto-ventrad and curved posteriad. 

 Apex narrow. Concavity located in the preapical area; surrounded by three unequally 

 strong ridges. Distal embayment moderately broad; oriented dorsad. FSc2 deltoid; broad; 

 very convex; oriented distad and weakly dorsad. Dorsal surface concave. Ventral surface 

 convex. Apex blunt. Dorsal margin not enlarged. Head and neck dorsal surface weakly 

 curved proximad. 



Neck moderately broad; moderately long; oriented weakly antero-distad; broadly 

 articulated with 2Ax. Proximal margin weakly convex. Distal margin concave. Distal 

 embayment moderately concave. Embayment re-enforcement moderately strong. 



Tail - Dorsal view: Proximal arch normal size; weakly concave. Postero-proximal margin 

 convex. Articulation with PRR strong. Posterior margin weakly concave. Distal arch 

 normal size. Apex weakly curved postero-ventrad; aciculate. -Ventral view: Proximal arch 

 with a slender ridge. Posterior margin with a prominent ridge. Distal margin with a slender 

 ridge. 



Second Axillary (Fig. 53) 



Radial Fulcalare slender; weakly sclerotized. 



Ridges - Dorsal view: Proximal ridge distinct from lobe; entire. Anterior to antero-median 

 section partially concealed by the distal ridge. Antero-median to posterior section strongly 

 enlarged above the distal ridge; demarcated from body by an impression. Posterior section 

 incorporated into lobe; distinct from lobe but only weakly extended past the posterior 

 margin of lobe; moderately enlarged above the distal ridge; extends posteriad. Distal ridge 

 weakly distinct from lobe. Apex oriented ventro-proximad; convex and broadly falcate; 

 moderately short. Anterior section slender; moderately short; curved proximad and weakly 

 ventrad. Median to posterior section extends below the proximal ridge; very weakly 



