64 



12. subalare tendon attachment point very short, very broad, and apically deeply and 

 broadly concave 



13. with the base arising from the distal section of 2Ax and extends postero-proximad: 



14. 3 Ax: distorted, moderately long to very short. 



15. / 16. tail curved, very short and very broad; 



17. IBP: anterior section of proximal arch of BR reduced by a greatly enlarged br. 



18. distal arch of BR large and convex, 



19. HP curves postero-dorsad close to, or even over, BScA: 



20. 2BP: strongly reduced proximally, 



2 1 . proximal arch of BMA strongly oriented antero-proximad and ventrad, 



22. BMP convex and very narrow. 



23. the BMP-BCuA brace greatly enlarged, very broad and very convex. 



Aphodiinae 



Introduction 



The Aphodiinae are a large subfamily with some 1 200 species representing numerous 

 genera in five tribes. Their distribution is world wide. Adults are characterized by 8/9- 

 jointed antennae and tarsi with distinct claws (Arnett 1968). The mouthparts are usually 

 concealed by the clypeus. Seven pairs of spiracles are present, all situated in the pleural 

 membrane and the pygidium is covered (in dorsal view). 



The adults of most species are dung feeders, although some have been found feeding on 

 decaying fungi, in decaying organic matter, or in the soil (Ritcher 1966). A few species 

 are associated with ants. Larvae live on dung, organic matter, or may be root feeders 

 (Ritcher 1966). 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 101) 



Head - Dorsal surface strikingly reduced posteriorly; convex; all margins are equally 

 extremely narrow and very long. Antew-dorsal margin oriented weakly postero-distad; 

 reduced in width; planate. Antero-pwximal margin with ventral enlargement reduced. 

 Postero-proximal margin enlargement reduced and absent. FSc2 base normal width. Apex 

 oriented postero-distad; rounded. Anterior surface strikingly narrow; strikingly short: not 

 waisted medially. FScl distinct; short but broad. Dorsal and ventral surfaces convex. Apex 

 acute. Ventral projection long and narrow; enlarged mesally; deeply concave; strongly- 

 oriented postero-distad, weakly ventrad and not curved posteriad. Dorsal surface concave. 

 Ventral surface convex. Apex narrow; rounded. Concavity located in the preapical area; 

 surrounded by three unequally strong ridges. Distal embayment oriented mesad. FSc2 

 fused to the distal margin of the ventral projection; oriented distad and weakly dorsad: 

 reduced; small; round; planate; broad. Dorsal surface not enlarged; convex. Ventral surface 

 convex. Apex rounded. Head and neck dorsal surface extended anteriad. 



