8 1 



including those of the mouthparts (Nel & Scholtz 1990) and male genitalia (d'Hotman & 

 Scholtz 1990a). Scarabaeinae share 46 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation 

 and wing base with Aegialiinae, Aulonocneminae and Aphodiinae (Browne 1993). 



Orphninae 



Introduction, 



The Orphninae are a small Old World group with a few genera. Most species are in 

 Orphnus and Hybalus. Adults and larvae have been recorded feeding on potatoes and sugar 

 cane (Paulian & Lumaret 1982). The larvae of two species of Hybalus were also described 

 in that paper. 



Adults are short and convex, with a broad clypeus (similar to the Coprinae). Mouthparts 

 are seldom visible in dorsal view (exposed). Antennae are 10-jointed and seven pairs of 

 spiracles are present, all situated in the pleural membrane. The pygidium is visible in 

 dorsal view and. wing venation resembles that of Brenskea (Hybosoridae) (Iablokoff- 

 Khnzorian 1977). Little is known about their biology. 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 129) 



Head Dorsal surface strongly reduced posteriorly; broad; clavate; convex. Antero-dorsal 

 margin oriented weakly postero-distad; normal width; planate. Antero-proximal margin 

 with ventral enlargement reduced. Postero-proximal margin enlargement moderate and 

 broad. FSc2 base normal width; deeply concave. Apex oriented postero-distad; rounded 

 but weakly truncate. Anterior surface narrow; long; not waisted medially. FScl absent. 

 Ventral projection long and narrow; deeply concave; oriented ventrad and weakly postero- 

 distad. Dorsal surface base to median concave. Ventral surface convex. Concavity located 

 in the preapical area; surrounded by three unequally strong ridges. Distal embayment 

 oriented ventro-mesad. FSc2 oriented distad and weakly dorsad; weakly deltoid; convex; 

 broad; moderately short. Dorsal surface enlarged dorsally; convex; appears twisted. Ventral 

 surface convex. Base proximally with a convexity. Apex aciculate. Head and neck dorsal 

 surface extended anteriad. 



Neck normal width; long; weakly oriented antero-distad; articulation with 2Ax extends 

 along the distal margin of the neck and tail; continuous with tail. Proximal margin reduced; 

 sinuate; not curved ventrad. Distal margin concave. Distal embayment moderately concave; 

 moderately shallow but broad. 



Tail - Dorsal view: Proximal arch normal size. Dorsal surface weakly concave. Antero- 

 proximal margin weakly convex. Postero-proximal margin straight. Articulation with PRR 

 strong along the entire length of the proximal arch; long and broad; strongly recurved. 

 Antero-dorsal surface concave. Postero-dorsal surface concave. Posterior margin weakly 

 concave. Distal arch normal size; curved ventrad along its entire length. Apex weakly 

 curved posteriad; aciculate. Distal margin weakly concave. - Ventral view: Proximal arch 



