97 



Hopliinae 



Introduction 



The Hopliinae have wide distribution. Most adults feed on flowers, but they have also 

 been recorded feeding on young leaves and fruit. Larvae develop in the ground and are 

 either rhizophagous or saprophagous (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1977). This ill-defined 

 subfamily of uncertain phylogenetic status contains two tribes, Hopliini and Pachycnemini 

 (d'Hotman & Seholtz 1990a,b). 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 157) 



Head - Dorsal surface strongly reduced posteriorly; broad; weakly clavate; convex. Antero- 

 dorsal margin oriented weakly postero-distad; normal width; very convex. Antero- 

 proximal margin with ventral enlargement reduced. Postero-proximal margin enlargement 

 moderate and broad. FSc2 base weakly enlarged; deeply concave. Apex oriented postero- 

 distad; rounded but narrowly so. Anterior surface narrow; long; waisted medially. FScl 

 absent. Ventral projection long and narrow; enlarged mesally; deeply concave; oriented 

 ventrad and weakly postero-distad. Dorsal surface base to median concave. Ventral surface 

 convex. Apex wider than base; strongly flared; truncate. Concavity basad and moderately 

 extended apicad from the base of the ventral projection; surrounded by three unequally 

 strong ridges. Distal embayment oriented ventro-mesad. FSc2 oriented distad and weakly 

 dorsad; deltoid; convex; broad; moderately short. Dorsal surface enlarged dorsally; convex; 

 appears twisted. Ventral surface convex. Base proximally with a large convexity. Apex 

 aciculate. Head and neck dorsal surface extended anteriad. 



Neck normal width; long; weakly oriented antero-distad; articulation with 2Ax extends 

 along the distal margin of the neck and tail; continuous with tail. Proximal margin reduced; 

 sinuate; not curved ventrad. Distal margin concave. Distal embayment moderately concave; 

 moderately shallow but broad. 



Tail - Dorsal view: Proximal arch normal size. Dorsal surface weakly concave. Antero- 

 proximal margin weakly convex. Postero-proximal margin straight. Articulation with PRR 

 strong along the entire length of the proximal arch; very long but narrow; weakly recurved. 

 Antero-dorsal surface concave. Postero-dorsal surface concave. Posterior margin concave. 

 Distal arch normal size. Apex weakly curved posteriad and ventrad; aciculate. Distal 

 margin weakly concave. - Ventral view: Proximal arch with a prominent and broad ridge. 

 Distal arch with a moderately broad, but short ridge. Posterior margin with a prominent 

 ridge. 



Second Axillary (Fig. 158) 

 Radial Fulcalare absent. 



Ridges - Dorsal view: Proximal ridge entire; distinct from lobe. Apex nearly completely 

 obscured by the distal ridge; waisted. Anterior section distal margin exposed. Antero- 

 median to postero-median section moderately enlarged above and laterad over the distal 



