101 



Hopliinae share 22 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base 

 with Orphninae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae, Cetoniinae, Oncerinae, Chasma- 

 topterinae, Acoma, Trichiinae and Valginae (Browne 1993). 



Oncerinae 



Introduction 



Oncerines are generally quite small and their distribution is rather localized in Southern 

 and Lower California (Saylor 1938). They are a very small, poorly defined subfamily but 

 there is little doubt that it is one of the more transformed scarab subfamilies closely related 

 to Melolonthinae (Horn, 1867; Saylor 1938). Oncerines have commonly been treated as 

 a separate subfamily based on the non-melolonthine position of the abdominal spiracles 

 (Horn, 1867). Leng (1920) placed oncerines in a separate subfamily with Chnaurtanthus 

 (currently Chasmatopterinae) and many genera which are currently placed in 

 Melolonthinae. 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 164) 



Head - Dorsal surface strongly reduced posteriorly; broad; weakly clavate; convex. Antero- 

 dorsal margin oriented weakly postero-distad; normal width; very convex. Antero- 

 proximal margin with ventral enlargement reduced. Postero-proximal margin enlargement 

 moderate and broad. FSc2 base weakly enlarged; deeply concave. Apex oriented postero- 

 distad; rounded but narrowly so. Anterior surface narrow; long; waisted medially. FScl 

 absent. Ventral projection long and narrow; enlarged mesally; deeply concave; oriented 

 ventrad and weakly postero-distad. Dorsal surface base to median concave. Ventral surface 

 convex. Apex wider than base; strongly flared; truncate. Concavity basad and moderately 

 extended apicad from the base of the ventral projection; surrounded by three unequally 

 strong ridges. Distal embayment oriented ventro-mesad. FSc2 oriented distad and weakly 

 dorsad; deltoid; convex; broad; moderately short. Dorsal surface enlarged dorsally; convex; 

 appears twisted. Ventral surface convex. Base proximally with a large convexity. Apex 

 aciculate. Head and neck dorsal surface extended anteriad. 



Neck normal width; long; weakly oriented antero-distad; articulation with 2Ax extends 

 along the distal margin of the neck and tail; continuous with tail. Proximal margin reduced; 

 sinuate; not curved ventrad. Distal margin concave. Distal embayment moderately concave; 

 moderately shallow but broad. 



Tail - Dorsal view: Proximal arch normal size. Dorsal surface weakly concave. Antero- 

 proximal margin weakly convex. Postero-proximal margin straight. Articulation with PRR 

 strong along the entire length of the proximal arch; very long but narrow; weakly recurved. 

 Antero-dorsal surface concave. Postero-dorsal surface concave. Posterior margin weakly 

 concave. Distal arch normal size. Apex weakly curved posteriad and ventrad; aciculate. 

 Distal margin weakly concave. - Ventral view: Proximal arch with a weak ridge. Posterior 

 margin with a prominent ridge. Distal arch with a slender ridge. 



