105 



Rutelinae 



Introduction 



The Rutelinae are a very large, diverse cosmopolitan group. Adults either do not feed or 

 they feed on leaves, fruits and flowers (Ritcher 1958). Larvae feed on humus, plant litter 

 or plant roots (Ritcher 1966). 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 171 ) 



Head - Dorsal surface strongly reduced posteriorly; broad; not clavate; convex. Antero- 

 dorsal margin oriented strikingly postero-distad; very broad; weakly deplanate. Antero- 

 proximal margin with ventral enlargement reduced. Postero -proximal margin enlargement 

 strong and very broad. FSc2 base moderately enlarged; deeply concave. Apex oriented 

 postero-distad; rounded but narrowly so. Anterior surface narrow; long; not waisted 

 medially. FScl absent. Ventral projection long and narrow; enlarged mesally; convex; 

 strongly oriented ventrad and posteriad. Dorsal surface base to subapical area convex. 

 Ventral surface convex. Apex concave; wider than base; strongly flared; truncate. 

 Concavity strongly shifted mesad just past the base of the ventral projection onto the 

 anterior surface of the head, and not extended apicad; surrounded by three equally strong 

 ridges of equal length. Distal embayment oriented ventro-mesad. FSc2 oriented distad and 

 weakly dorsad; deltoid; convex; broad; short. Dorsal surface not enlarged dorsally; convex; 

 not twisted. Ventral surface convex. Base proximally with a large convexity. Apex 

 aciculate. Head and neck dorsal surface extended anteriad. 



Neck normal width; long; weakly oriented antero-distad; articulation with 2Ax extends 

 along the distal margin of the neck and tail; continuous with tail. Proximal margin not 

 reduced; convex; curved ventrad. Distal margin concave. Distal embayment concave; 

 moderately deep and broad. 



Tail - Dorsal view: Proximal arch moderately expanded posteriorly and proximally. Dorsal 

 surface moderately concave. Antero -proximal margin very weakly convex. Postero- 

 proximal margin straight. Articulation with PRR strong along the entire length of the 

 proximal arch; very long but narrow; weakly recurved. Antero-dorsal surface moderately 

 concave. Postero-dorsal surface moderately concave. Posterior margin weakly concave. 

 Distal arch strikingly reduced anteriorly, distally and posteriorly. Apex weakly curved 

 posteriad and ventrad; very broadly rounded. Distal margin straight. - Ventral view: 

 Proximal and posterior margins with very prominent ridges. Distal arch with a very slender 

 ridge. 



Second Axillary (Fig. 1 72 ) 

 Radial Fulcalare absent. 



Ridges - Dorsal view: Proximal ridge entire; distinct from lobe. Apex obscured by the 

 distal ridge; waisted. Anterior section distal margin exposed. Antero-median to postero- 

 median section moderately enlarged above and laterad over the distal ridge. Posterior 



