108 



proximad; oriented postero-proximad. br strongly sclerotized; occupies about one-third of 

 the proximal arch; discontinuous with BR. br projection narrow along its entire length; 

 concave; distinct from BScA. 



Second Basal Plate (Fig. 176) 



MA-BMA Junction absent. - MP-BMP Junction: MP broadly continuous with BMP; arises 

 from below the BMP-BCuA brace. - Crimp Patterns absent. - BMP-CuA Brace absent. 

 - BMP-BCuA Brace present but modified; discontinuous with BMP; entire and greatly 

 strengthened; extends posteriad; anteriorly enlarged; convex; distinct from BMP. Terminus 

 fused to a deep concavity on the disto-medial section of BCuA. Point of fusion 

 discontinuous. 



Medial Basivenalia reduced proximally. BMA broadly scaphoid; completely fused to BMP. 

 Proximal surface convex. Medial and distal surfaces planate. Anterior margin weakly 

 concave. Proximal arch moderately long; planate and straight; oriented proximad; strongly 

 curved ventrad. Apex terminates below BR proximal arch apex. Distal arch indistinct; 

 fused to the proximal section of BMP. BMP junction with BMA discontinuous and very 

 broad; fused to brace; markedly convex; separated from both IBP and BCu by membrane. 

 Proximal section broadly deltoid; planate; slopes ventro-distad. Distal section 

 indistinguishable from BMP-BCuA brace; long; broad; rectangular; strongly convex. 



Cubital Basivenalia moderately broadly fused. Postero-proximal margin of BCuA fused 

 with the anterior margin of BCuP Suture line present. BCuA narrow and long; convex; 

 oriented distad; lies posteriad of BMP; strongly sclerotized. Anterior margin with a 

 moderately broad extremely deep concavity. Distal margin continuous with CuA. BCuP 

 deltoid; convex; oriented postero-distad; moderately sclerotized. Distal embayment 

 moderately deep and broad. - Cubitus Anterior fused to BCuA. Junction marked by a 

 distinct suture. 



Basalare (Fig. 177) 



Head - HP lobe large; continuous with neck. Apex broadly truncate. Dorsal surface 

 elevated from neck; not polished. BScP lobe claviform; weakly projects posteriad from 

 neck. Dorsal surface weakly rectangular; weakly convex; polished; depressed from neck; 

 slopes ventrad. Ventral surface polished. - Posterior Subcostal Basivenale weakly deltoid; 

 polished. 



Discussion 



Although Rutelinae do not display any autapomorphic character states of the wing 

 articulation and wing base, they do share 19 apomorphic character states of the wing 

 articulation and wing base with Dynastinae, Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae, and four 

 apomoiphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base with Dynastinae, its 

 sister group (Howden 1982; Scholtz 1990; Browne 1993). 



Rutelinae have usually been associated with both Melolonthinae and Dynastinae (Ritcher 

 1969a,b; Howden 1982; d'Hotman & Scholtz 1990a; Nel & Scholtz 1990; Scholtz 1990). 



