113 



Discussion 



Although Dynastinae do not display any autapomorphic character states of the wing 

 articulation and wing base, they do share 19 apomorphic character states of the wing 

 articulation and wing base with Rutelinae, Cetoniinae, Trichiinae and Valginae, and four 

 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base with Rutelinae, their 

 sister group (Howden 1982: Scholtz 1990; see Browne 1993). 



Dynastinae have usually been associated with Rutelinae by the presence of unequal tarsal 

 claws and similar abdominal spiracle pattern, mouthparts and male genitalia (Ritcher 

 1969a,b; Howden 1982; d'Hotman & Scholtz 1990a; Nel & Scholtz 1990; Scholtz 1990). 



Dynastinae share 22 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base 

 with Orphninae, Melolonthinae. Rutelinae, Cetoniinae, Oncerinae, Chasmatopterinae, 

 Acoma, Hopliinae, Trichiinae and Valginae (Browne 1993). 



Cetoniinae 



Introduction 



The Cetoniinae are a large and diverse cosmopolitan subfamily (Scholtz 1990) consisting 

 of several ill-defined tribes (E. Holm pers. comm. 1993). 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 185) 



Head - Dorsal surface strongly reduced posteriorly; extremely broad; clavate; convex. 

 Antero-dorsal margin oriented strikingly postero-distad; very broad; weakly deplanate. 

 Antero -proximal margin with ventral enlargement reduced. Po stem -proximal margin 

 enlargement strong but very narrow. FSc2 base moderately enlarged; deeply concave. Apex 

 oriented postero-distad; rounded but narrowly so. Anterior surface narrow; long; not 

 waisted medially. FScl absent. Ventral projection extremely long and narrow; enlarged 

 mesally; base to terminus; straight to weakly curved anteriad. Dorsal surface base to 

 terminus convex. - Ventral surface convex. Apex convex; wider than base; flare reduced; 

 truncate. Concavity strongly shifted dorso-mesad past the base of the ventral projection 

 far onto the anterior surface of the head, and not extended apicad; surrounded by three 

 ridges of equal length; the apical ridge is strongly reduced. Distal embayment oriented 

 ventro-mesad. FSc2 oriented distad and weakly dorsad; deltoid; convex; broad; long. 

 Dorsal surface not enlarged dorsally; convex; not twisted. Ventral surface convex. Base 

 proximally with a convexity. Apex aciculate. Head and neck dorsal surface extended 

 anteriad. 



Neck strikingly broad; long; weakly oriented antero-distad; articulation with 2Ax extends 

 along the distal margin of the neck and tail; continuous with tail. Proximal margin sinuate; 

 curved ventrad. Distal margin concave. Distal embayment broadly but shallowly concave. 



Tail - Dorsal view: Proximal arch strikingly expanded posteriorly and proximally. Dorsal 

 surface deeply concave. Antero -proximal margin weakly concave. Postero-proximal 

 margin convex. Articulation with PRR strong along the entire length of the proximal arch; 



