121 



ventrad. Ventral surface polished. - Posterior Subcostal Basivenale weakly rectangular; 

 polished. 



Discussion 



Trichiinae do not display any apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and 

 wing base. In addition, it is quite likely that this subfamily is polyphyletic and comprised 

 by at least two distinct lineages (E. Holm pers. comm. 1992), formed by Osmoderma and 

 all other Trichiinae (Browne 1993). The latter share two autapomorphic character states 

 of the wing articulation and wing base with Cetoniinae. 



Trichiines are most commonly associated with Cetoniinae and Valginae, as either a 

 cetoniine tribe (Leng 1920; Ritcher 1969ab; Caveney 1986) or a separate subfamily 

 (Blackwelder 1944; Howden 1968; d'Hotman & Scholtz 1990a; Nel & Scholtz 1990; 

 Scholtz 1990). Trichiinae, together with their sister group Valginae, are considered to be 

 more archaic than Cetoniinae (Krikken 1984). Krikken (1984) suggested that Trichiinae 

 are the sister group of Valginae and that together they are the sister group of Cetoniinae. 



Trichiinae share 22 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base 

 with Orphninae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae, Oncerinae, Chasmatopterinae, 

 Acoma, Hopliinae, Cetoniinae and Valginae (Browne 1993) 



Valginae 



Introduction 



This subfamily consists of about 200 species world wide. Adults are usually associated 

 with flowers. In North America all stages of Valgus have been found beneath loose bark 

 at the base of trees in damp, rotten wood, in association with termites (Ritcher 1966), and 

 in Australia large numbers of Microvalgus have been reared from termite mound material 

 (Britton 1970). The relationship between the valgines and termites is unknown. In central 

 Europe, Valgus hemipterus is common where termites are absent. 



Hind Wing Articulation Description 



First Axillary (Fig. 199) 



Head - Dorsal surface strongly reduced posteriorly; broad; clavate; convex. Antero-dorsal 

 margin oriented strikingly postero-distad; very broad; weakly deplanate. Antero-proximal 

 margin with ventral enlargement reduced. Postero-proximal margin enlargement strong 

 and very broad. FSc2 base moderately enlarged. Apex oriented postero-distad; rounded 

 but narrowly so. Anterior surface narrow; long; not waisted medially. FScl absent. Ventral 

 projection extremely long and narrow; enlarged mesally; basally to subapically curved 

 anteriad; apically curved posteriad. Dorsal surface base to terminus convex. - Ventral 

 surface convex. Apex convex; wider than base; flare reduced; truncate. Concavity strongly 

 shifted dorso-mesad past the base of the ventral projection far onto the anterior surface 

 of the head, and not extended apicad; surrounded by three ridges of equal length; the 

 apical ridge is absent. Distal embayment oriented ventro-mesad. FSc2 oriented distad and 



