125 



Cubital Basivenalia narrowly fused. Postero-proximal margin of BCuA fused with the 

 antero-proximal margin of BCuP. Suture line present. BCuA very narrow and long; convex; 

 oriented distad; lies posteriad of BMP; strongly sclerotized. Anterior margin with an 

 extremely broad extremely deep concavity. Distal margin continuous with CuA. BCuP 

 ovoid; convex; oriented posteriad; moderately sclerotized. Distal embayment very narrow 

 but deep. - Cubitus Anterior fused to BCuA. Junction indistinct. 



Basalare (Fig. 205) 



Head - HP lobe large; continuous with neck. Apex broadly truncate. Dorsal surface weakly 

 elevated from neck; not polished. BScP lobe claviform; weakly projects posteriad from 

 neck. Dorsal surface rectangular; weakly convex; polished; depressed from neck; slopes 

 ventrad. Ventral surface polished. - Posterior Subcostal Basivenale weakly deltoid; 

 polished. 



Discussion 



Monophyly of the Valginae is supported by the fact that all members of this subfamily 

 display 10 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base: 



1. 1 Ax: the postero-proximal margin of the head displays a strong and very broad proximal 

 enlargement, 



2. the anterior surface of the ventral projection is basally to subapically curved anteriad 

 and apically curved posteriad. 



3. the proximal arch is strikingly enlarged posteriorly; 



4. 2 Ax: the subalare tendon attachment point is strikingly long, narrow and acerose; 



5. 3Ax: the proximal and distal lobes of the head are exceedingly narrow and very long, 



6. the embayment is extremely deep and extends posteriorly to the head-neck junction, 



7. the FCu-neck junction is extremely narrow; 



8. IBP: HP is strongly lengthened distally as an extremely slender, sinuate sclerite. 



9. the sclerotized section of Sc A which lies between HP anteriorly, and BScA posteriorly 

 and proximally, is completely reduced and membranous, 



10. the BScA distal section is extremely slender and the proximal section very broad. 

 Krikken (1984) considers Valginae to be the sister group of "Trichiinae ,, and together the 

 sister group of Cetoniinae. d'Hotman & Scholtz (1990a) consider Valginae to be the most 

 transformed scarabaeoid subfamily. 



Valginae share 22 apomorphic character states of the wing articulation and wing base with 

 Orphninae. Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae, Oncerinae, Chasmatopterinae, Acoma, 

 Hopliini, Cetoniinae and Trichiinae (Browne 1993). 



