31 



G 



Cystophora 



Erignathus 



Halichoerus 



Hydrurga 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Pusa caspica 



Histriophoca 



Pagophilus 



Pusa hispida 



Phoca largha 



Pusa sibirica 



Phoca vitulina 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Ursus 



Procyon 



En hydra 



Lutra 



Martes 



Canis 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Cystophora 



Erignathus 



Halichoerus 



Hydrurga 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Pusa caspica 



Histriophoca 



Pagophilus 



Pusa hispida 



Phoca largha 



Pusa sibirica 



Phoca vitulina 



Martes 



Procyon 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Ursus 



Canis 



H 



Cystophora 



Erignathus 



Halichoerus 



Hydrurga 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Pusa caspica 



Histriophoca 



Pagophilus 



Pusa hispida 



Phoca largha 



Pusa sibirica 



Phoca vitulina 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Martes 



Procyon 



Ursus 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Canis 



Cystophora 



Erignathus 



Halichoerus 



Hydrurga 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Pusa caspica 



Histriophoca 



Pagophilus 



Pusa hispida 



Phoca largha 



Pusa sibirica 



Phoca vitulina 



Martes 



Procyon 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Ursus 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Canis 



Fig.3E-H: Monophyly constraint trees used to examine various alternative hypotheses of outgroup 

 relationships: (E) ursid - odobenid, (F) mustelid - diphyly, (G) musteline - monophyly, and (H) 

 musteline - diphyly. 



