34 



Cystophora 



Erignathus 



Halichoerus 



Hydrurga 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Pusa caspica 



Histriophoca 



Pagophilus 



Pusa hispida 



Phoca largha 



Pusa sibirica 



Phoca vitulina 



Procyon 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Mart es 



Urs us 



Odoben us 



Zalophus 



Canis 



Erignathus 

 Halichoerus 

 Pusa caspica 

 Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Pusa hispida 

 Phoca largha 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Hydrurga 

 Leptonychotes 

 Lobodon 



Monachus monachus 

 Monachus schauinslandi 

 Monachus tropicalis 

 Ommatophoca 

 Cystophora 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Procyon 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Mart es 



Ursus 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Canis 



B 



D 



Cystophora 

 Erignathus 

 Halichoerus 

 Pusa caspica 

 Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Pusa hispida 

 Phoca largha 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Hydrurga 

 Leptonychotes 

 Lobodon 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Procyon 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Mart es 



Ursus 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Canis 



Cystophora 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Erignathus 



Halichoerus 



Hydrurga 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Monachus monachus 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Ommatophoca 



Pusa caspica 



Histriophoca 



Pagophilus 



Pusa hispida 



Phoca largha 



Pusa sibirica 



Phoca vitulina 



Procyon 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Mart es 



Ursus 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Canis 



Fig.4A-D: Monophyly constraint trees used to examine various alternative hypotheses of ingroup 

 relationships: (A) (not) phocidae. (B) (not) two subfamilies, (C) three subfamilies, and (D) 

 cystophorinae. 



