68 



Pusa hispida 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Pusa caspica 

 Phoca largha 

 Erignathus 

 Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Halichoerus 

 Cystophora 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Monachus monachus 



Lobodon 



Ommatophoca 



Leptonychotes 



Hydrurga 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Urs us 



En hydra 



Lutra 



Mart es 



Procyon 



Canis 



Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Erignathus 

 Pusa hispida 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Pusa caspica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Phoca largha 

 Halichoerus 

 Cystophora 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Monachus monachus 



Lobodon 



Ommatophoca 



Leptonychotes 



Hydrurga 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Lutra 



Enhydra 



Mart es 



Procyon 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Ursus 



Canis 



Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Erignathus 

 Pusa hispida 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Pusa caspica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Phoca largha 

 Halichoerus 

 Cystophora 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Monachus monachus 



Lobodon 



Ommatophoca 



Leptonychotes 



Hydrurga 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Mart es 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Procyon 



Ursus 



Canis 



H 



Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Erignathus 

 Pusa hispida 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Pusa caspica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Phoca largha 

 Halichoerus 

 Cystophora 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Monachus monachus 



Lobodon 



Ommatophoca 



Leptonychotes 



Hydrurga 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Martes 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Enhydra 



Lutra 



Procyon 



Ursus 



Canis 



Fig.l3E-H: Cladograms resulting from a constraint analysis examining various alternative hypotheses 

 of outgroup relationships: (E) ursid - odobenid, (F) mustelid - diphyly *, (G) musteline - monophyly 

 *, and (H) musteline - diphyly *. An asterisk indicates a majority rule consensus solution, where, 

 unless otherwise indicated, all nodes were found in 100% of the equally most parsimonious solutions. 

 See also Fig. 3 and Tab. 3. 



