80 



Pusa hispida 

 Pusa sibirica 

 Phoca vitulina 

 Pusa caspica 

 Phoca largha 

 Erignathus 

 Histriophoca 

 Pagophilus 

 Halichoerus 

 Cystophora 



Monachus schauinslandi 



Monachus tropicalis 



Monachus monachus 



Leptonychotes 



Lobodon 



Hydrurga 



Mirounga angustirostris 



Mirounga leonina 



Odobenus 



Zalophus 



Lutra 



Enhydra 



Mart es 



Procyon 



Urs us 



Canis 



Fig.l5E: Cladograms resulting from a parsimony analysis of the inversely weighted data matrix with 

 a selected phocid species deleted: (E) Ommatophoca (length = 67,017 steps, CI = 0.460, HI = 0.760, 

 RI = 0.630, RC = 0.409). Unweighted branch lengths presented as accelerated transformation / delayed 

 transformation. 



amounted to a basal shift of Histriophoca and Pagophilus within the Phocini (plus 

 Erignathus), so that they became related by symplesiomorphies. However, like the 

 constraint analyses, the removal of any of the three phocines affected only phocine 

 interrelationships. As mentioned, the removal of Phoca largha yielded virtually no 

 changes. In fact, the cladogram obtained (Fig.l5C) is identical with one of the two equally 

 most parsimonious solutions (Fig.5A) with P. largha merely pruned off. The removal of 

 Cystophora caused Erignathus to regain its traditional role as the sister taxon to the 

 remaining phocines (Fig. 15 A). The Phocini, however, remain paraphyletic, as Halichoerus 

 now occupies the former position of Erignathus (although compared to the overall solution, 

 this analogous clade is shifted basal ly with respect to the clade composed of Phoca spp. 

 and Pusa spp.). Histriophoca and Pagophilus likewise move basally with the absence of 

 Erignathus (although they remain as a clade) (Fig.l5B), hinting that the supposedly 

 primitive and monachine-like Erignathus is responsible for the more terminal position of 

 this clade, and of the other two genera in particular, in the overall solution. This is also 

 substantiated by the constraint analyses, where disruptions to the structure within the 

 Phocini were due primarily to the movement of Histriophoca and Pagophilus; Erignathus 

 generally maintained its relatively terminal position. Again, perhaps too much has been 

 made of some of the more primitive features of Erignathus (see Overall Parsimony). 



